Originally posted by: skyking
ed, I am an operating engineer and do all types of construction and grade work. On the job we use lasers and transits, but they are by no means the only methods.
There are myriad ways to do a grade survey and calculation for a '70 distance.
One of the ancient and novel ways to do it invloves filling a garden hose with water. Fill it from the lower elevation to the higher, to ensure that all the bubbles are out of it. Elevate the higher end in a curve until the hose is vertical. you can tape it to a chair leg for example. fill it untill the water comes over the top.
Elevate the lower end at the joint where you have it hooked to the filling hose, until it apeears to be on the same level. unscrew it and tape that end vertically to a ladder or whatever works for your apparent grade change. Raise or lower the hose untill the water appears to be at the same level inside each end. Fill it with a pitcher and adjust. Measure the difference from the end of the hose to the ground for your grade changes. This method will work for any distance you have hose for, and is quite accurate.
I have used purpose-built water levels using clear tubing, a blowgun on the end for a valve, and a 5 gallon container filled with an antifreeze solution for both visiblility and all weather usage. Set the fluid level in the bucket at the desired grade with wedges, clear the hose of bubbles, and open the valve to allow the fluid to equalize. It works under houses, around corners, and many places where a transit or laser is impossible to use.