There is nothing on that socket that will properly run a GTX 780. Remember, you're talking about one of the fastest video cards ever made, and a socket that was abandoned by Intel in 2008. Your chip was introduced in January 2008. I remember it fondly...I bought it the month it was released. I ran it with an 8800GT, released in Oct. 2007, which had 1/6 the power of a GTX 780. That was a pretty good match for the e8400.
So, as to the minimum system you'd need to support the GTX 780...I'd say an Intel i5-4570 plus a B85 motherboard, ideally with 8GB of DDR3 RAM. So that's roughly $200 for the processor, $75 for the motherboard, and $75 for the RAM. The total comes to $350, and I'd say it would be money well spent.