Originally posted by: Parasitic
Can somebody explain how hedge funds work? I just know that they have obscene returns but nothing else about them. Aren't they just like mutual funds?
There's a lot of wrong assumptions and urban legends surrounding hedge funds. In fact there is no definition of hedge fund. Hedge fund just means the fund does not have to disclose anything but to its own investors. In practical terms this means the manager doesn't have to advertise its strategies. Other than that, the term hedge fund doesn't really say anything about how the money will be invested.
Roughly we can divide hedge funds between simple hedge funds and the so called funds of hedge funds. The first ones use capital following a precise strategy, while funds of funds gather capital and simply select hedge funds in which the will invest. This strategy provides an additional layer of diversification.
As far as hedge funds strategies go we can divide them in a few main categories:
1. Long/Short: take long and short position on a variety of markets. Some are specialized, some are not. Usual markets are equity, fixed income and commodities. Almost all trades are carried on a derivative base. Again, every fund has its own strategy and timing.
2. Macro: take positions on currencies and other instruments that capture major macroeconomic shifts. Soros' Quantum capital was probably the most famous among macro funds.
3. Convertible arbitrage: try to capture arbitrage opportunities between convertible stocks and the underling common stock and debt instrument.
4. Event driven: they identify and hold securities of companies likely to be M&A targets or likely to undergo major restructuring.
5. Emerging markets: like EM mutual funds but with the knowledge necessary to invest in turbulent markets where often mutual funds are not equipped to enter. Sometimes they use private equity strategies. Many focus on emerging markets real estate.
6. Distressed Debt: buy fixed income instruments of sovereign and corporate debt close to defaulting and so trading at a discount, or buy defaulted debt capturing the spread between the current price and the recoveries.
6. Private equity funds and Funds of private equity funds: often called hedge funds these days. De-list companies and take them private. Then inject management and try to return the company to profitability and resell or re-list the company later.
7. Structured credit: use securitization techniques like CDOs to create and resell asset backed securities. The fund itself usually holds the equity share and uses the senior tranches to finance itself.
8. Contrarian: structure their portfolios to be beta-negative. They are usually used by funds of hedge funds to hedge against market risk.
All of them usually advertise a target return. The point is not having high returns, but consistent ones. That's why they often do not beat mutual funds. A lot of funds of funds target a 7-10 percent annual return with a zero-beta portfolio. That's the key. It's extremely hard to keep zero beta, and that explains why hedge funds managers can command huge fees.
There is also a major misconception about hedge funds investors. Most people out of the industry think most of the investors are high net-worth individuals. In fact they do not make up 10% of the market. Most investors are institutional: university and municipality endowments, charities etc