Heroin
Heroin (diacetylmorphine), now illegal as an addictive drug, was trademarked and marketed by Bayer as a cough suppressant and non-addictive substitute for morphine from 1898 to 1910.
[13] Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin, but their scientists discovered ways to make it, and Bayer led commercialization of heroin.
[14] Heroin was a Bayer trademark until after World War I
World War II
During World War II, IG Farben used
slave labor in factories that it built adjacent to
German concentration camps, notably
Auschwitz,
[23] and the sub-camps of the
Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.
[24] IG Farben purchased prisoners for human experimentation of a sleep-inducing drug and later reported that all test subjects died.
[25][26] IG Farben held a large investment in
Degesch which produced
Zyclon B used to gas and kill prisoners during the
Holocaust.
[27]
After
World War II, the
Allies broke up IG Farben and Bayer reappeared as an individual business "inheriting" many of IG Farben's assets.
[25] Fritz ter Meer, an IG Farben board member from 1926 to 1945 who directed operations at the IG Farben plant at Auschwitz, was sentenced to seven years in prison during the
IG Farben Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. He was elected Bayer's supervisory board head in 1956.
[28]
In 1995, Helge Wehmeier, the head of Bayer, publicly apologized to
Elie Wiesel for the company's involvement in the Holocaust at a lecture in
Pittsburgh.
[27]
Post World War II
In the 1960s Bayer introduced a pregnancy test,
Primodos that consisted of two pills that contained
norethisterone (as acetate) and
ethinylestradiol. It detected pregnancy by inducing
menstruation in women who were not pregnant. The presence or absence of menstrual bleeding was then used to determine whether the user was pregnant. The test became the subject of controversy when it was blamed for
birth defects, and it was withdrawn from the market in the mid-1970s. Litigation in the 1980s regarding these claims ended inconclusively. A review of the matter by the
Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency in 2014 assessed the studies performed to date, and concluded that it found the evidence for adverse effects to be inconclusive.
[29]
In 1978, Bayer purchased
Miles Laboratories and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and
Cutter Laboratories (along with product lines including
Alka-Seltzer,
Flintstones vitamins and
One-A-Day vitamins, and Cutter
insect repellent).
Along with the purchase of Cutter, Bayer acquired Cutter's
Factor VIII business. Factor VIII is a clotting agent used to treat
hemophilia, and at that time it was produced by processing donated blood. In the
early days of the AIDS epidemic, people with hemophilia were found to have higher rates of AIDS, and by 1983 the CDC had identified contaminated blood products as a source of infection.
[30] According to the New York Times, this was "one of the worst drug-related medical disasters in history."
[30] Companies including Bayer developed new ways to treat donated blood with heat to decontaminate it, and these new products were introduced early in 1984. In 1997, Bayer and the other three makers of such blood products agreed to pay $660 million to settle cases on behalf of more than 6,000 hemophiliacs infected in United States.
[30] In 2003 documents emerged showing that Cutter continued to sell unheated blood products in markets outside the US until 1985.
[30]
In the late 1990s, Bayer introduced a
statin drug, Baycol (
Cerivastatin) but after 52 deaths were attributed to it, Bayer discontinued it in 2001. The side effect was
rhabdomyolysis, causing
renal failure, which occurred with a tenfold greater frequency in patients treated with Baycol in comparison to those prescribed alternate medications of the statin class.
[31]
Chemical accident
On 28 August 2008, an explosion occurred at the Bayer CropScience facility at
Institute, West Virginia,
United States. A runaway reaction ruptured a tank and the resulting explosion killed two employees.
[111] The ruptured tank was close to a
methyl isocyanate tank which was undamaged by the explosion.
[112]