I am in a position to know because, as the Central Intelligence Agency's senior political analyst on Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war, and as a professor at the Army War College from 1988 to 2000, I was privy to much of the classified material that flowed through Washington having to do with the Persian Gulf. In addition, I headed a 1991 Army investigation into how the Iraqis would fight a war against the United States; the classified version of the report went into great detail on the Halabja affair.
kenneth pollack's recent book contain two references to the gassing of the kurds, both of these references attribute the cause
to saddam hussein's direct campaign against the kurdish uprising and their support of iran. kenneth pollack served 7 years in
the cia as a persian gulf military analyst, and is formerly a director of national securtiy studies at the council on foreign relations,
and formely director of gulf affairs at the national security council.
his first reference is on page 20, and includes an important footnote about the source.
"on march 15, 1988, ali hassan (
the infamous 'chemical ali') conducted his most
famous attack swamping the kurdish town of halabja with several varieties of cw and killing at least 5,000 kurdish civilians . when the
campaign finally ended in 1989, some two hundred thoudand kurds were dead, roughtly 1.5 million had been forcibly resettled, huge swaths of kurdistan had been scorchedby chemical warfare, and four thousand towns had been razed."
the source sited by pollack was an interview given by the former head of iraq's military intelligence, wafiq al-sammari'a, who had
fled from iraq in 1994 and debriefed by kurdish groups.
This much about the gassing at Halabja we undoubtedly know: it came about in the course of a battle between Iraqis and Iranians. Iraq used chemical weapons to try to kill Iranians who had seized the town, which is in northern Iraq not far from the Iranian border. The Kurdish civilians who died had the misfortune to be caught up in that exchange. But they were not Iraq's main target.
this is false. the town could not have been 'seized' by iran. the kurds and iran were cooperating. they were alllies. the kurds could've
invited the iranians in, but since among the thousands of dead not a single iranian soldier was ever identified its seems unlikely there
were any in the vicinity at the time of the attack.
more importantly, saddam and company did not expect to find any iranians in the towns they targeted. their main objective was to
weaken kurdish resolve for fear their support for iran could tilt the war away from iraq. iraq was winning at this late stage, and would
win the war within the year.
the iraqi progrom was known as the
al-anfal campaign. chemical ali, the governor
of northern iraq at the time of the attacks, clearly understood the attack would target civilians, possibly hitting actual kurdish peshmerga
fighters, but would nonethless inflict a severe psychological trauma.