#1 The lower part of the Inn sign can't really be used for comparison since it appears to be significantly affected by AA and the distance to the camera. Nonetheless it still looks a bit better on nVidia as it's more solid-looking. As for the shading of the blond man, apart from the large shaded area above the ear and the upper part of the leather shoulder (both more defined on nVidia), there is no discernible difference between both screenshots.
#2 There is no difference between both texts.
#3 This row is a little harder to discern, it's actually clearer in Photoshop (ensure 'Nearest Neighbor' resize when doing your own comparison). The texture on the curved protrusion is less defined in AMD compared to nVidias. And around the darker region, there is less definition in AMD's screenshot.
#4 Actually there is a difference in texture quality, it's more blurry on AMD compared to nVidia. I'll highlight the difference in lossless PNG so it's clearer:
This isn't about who 'wins' here, I'm just looking for any differences and quality issues between both implementations as objectively as I can. I was very curious at your initial statement that 10.09 was clearly better than nVidia, as initially my impression was of a perfecly equal render. However to my surprise it would appear the gist of this thread is somewhat valid, where the 10.09 is actually less in terms of quality compared to nVidia's standard level.