Conspiracy theories about Obama's religion appeared at least as early as his 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in a press release by Illinois political candidate
Andy Martin,
[29] and, according to a
Los Angeles Times editorial, as Internet rumors.
[30] These rumors about his religion expanded into his values, cultural, and national loyalty, and, by 2008, into conspiracy theories about his citizenship.[
citation needed]
From the start of March 2008, rumors that Obama was born in Kenya before being flown to Hawaii were spread on conservative websites, with the suggestion that this would disqualify Obama from the presidency. In April of that year, anonymous e-mails from supporters of Hillary Clinton repeated the same rumor,
[31] including a Clinton Iowa campaign worker, who was fired for sending the e-mail.
[32][33] These and numerous other chain e-mails during the subsequent presidential election circulated false rumors about Obama's origin, religion, and birth certificate.
[34][35]
On June 9, 2008,
Jim Geraghty of the conservative website
National Review Online suggested that Obama release his birth certificate.
[36][37] Geraghty wrote that releasing his birth certificate could debunk several false rumors circulating on the Internet, namely: that his middle name was originally Muhammad rather than Hussein; that his mother had originally named him "Barry" rather than "Barack"; and that Barack Obama Sr. was not his biological father, as well as the rumor that Barack Obama was not a natural-born citizen.
[37][38][39]
In August 2008,
Philip J. Berg, a former member of the Democratic State Committee of Pennsylvania, brought
an unsuccessful lawsuit against Obama, which alleged "that Obama was born in Mombasa, Kenya."
[40][41]
In October 2008, an
NPR article referred to "Kenyan-born Sen. Barack Obama."
[42] Also that month, anonymous e-mails circulated claiming that the
Associated Press (AP) had reported Obama was "Kenyan-Born".
[43] The claims were based on an AP story that had appeared five years earlier in a Kenyan publication,
The Standard.
[43][44] The rumor-checking website
Snopes.com found that the headline and lead-in sentence describing Obama as born in Kenya and misspelling his first name had been added by the Kenyan newspaper, and did not appear in the story issued by the AP or in any other contemporary newspaper that picked up the AP story.
[43][45]
In 2012,
Breitbart.com published a copy of a promotional booklet that Obama's literary agency, Acton & Dystel, printed in 1991 (and later posted to their website, in a biography in place until April 2007) which misidentified Obama's birthplace and states that Obama was "born in Kenya and raised in Indonesia and Hawaii." When this was posted by Breitbart, the booklet's editor said that this incorrect information had been her mistake, not based on anything provided to her agency by Obama.
[46]