Originally posted by: LegendKiller
First off, price isn't set only by demand, it is set based upon the expectation of future cashflows that will be paid to the investor. Therefore, whatever future cashflows that are retained (retained earnings), you can either A. Expect them to be released in the future or B. Expect them to generate future earnings.
Now, retained earnings increase the overall book value of a stock, leading to additional stock price appreciation. Furthermore, the market sets price points, based upon reasonable assumptions of each individual investor building their own models.
how do the models work? There are a few different ones, including the Discounted Cash Flows, Discounted Abnormal Earnings, Discounted Value-Added...etc. All of them build in growth assumptions and then discount those back.
What discount do they use? They use a reasonable assumption of risk and return. This is usually set by a model, such as CAPM. CAPM assumes that all goods are based upon three components, a base "Risk-Free" rate, such as a government bond, the Beta or a risk measurement compared to the overall asset basket, and the equity or risk premium.
The overall return basket is usually based off of a broad index, such as the S&P 500, but can also include international equity. The returns of the company are then regressed against those of the index and a Beta is found.
The equation is this: RfR * B (Market - RfR)
Say for example you have a very risky company, it's price movements are 1.5x (beta) the overall market, assume that RfR is 3% and the market returns 10%.
That means that 3% * 1.5 (7%), the stock should return at least 13.5%.
Now, the equity risk premium is a huge debate. As many mentioned, there is ample evidence to suggest that the Equity Risk Premium (Market - RfR) has now compressed, where it used to be ~5%, it is now ~3% and could even decline further.
Pricing aside, your assumption that prices are based upon supply and demand only also assumes you are looking at *INDIVIDUAL* issues. Of course, not all issues with be affected by a price/demand difference, since there is a finite amount of money chasing an almost infinite amount of issues, some have to go up and others must go down. Therefore, the overall equation must be balanced.
Take for example Intel and AMD. Previously AMD was priced very high while Intel was priced low. In relation to the earnings they generate (and assume to disburse later) or the P/E ratio, you were paying in excess of 32x earnings (it will take you 32 earnings periods to recover the cost of that stock) to purchase AMD while you were only paying 20x or less for Intel (I bougt in at 14 while shorting AMD at 30). That means that AMD was irrationally high compared to Intel.
Furthermore, Intel is a *BETTER* company, now and in the past. There are two things that could have driven the appreciation of AMD, improved analyst forecasts, or irrational market expectation and supply/demand irrationality. Now that AMD has proven it's numbers weren't going to be sky-high forever *AND* analyst expectations haven't really changed *WHILE* price has come down and P/E has lowered, you see that AMD was really overpriced.
Furthermore, Intel was underpriced due to people flocking to AMD and throwing the Supply/Demand out of whack. Therefore, if you would have *BOTH* issues, you would be evening the situation out.
So, one could only conclude that you are mixing temporal periods *AND* indivudual issues. You cannot say "Well, over 100 years the market has returned 10% but it only depends on supply/demand". Well, s/d is only a short-term situation while you are quoting a long-term number. Furthermore, S/D is largely a micro level where you are speaking of a macro number.
Essentially, you have gotten completely confused. Your confusion has lead to your questioning of a system which supports trillions of dollars per day and do not only affect the rich, but everybody in between.
It isn't a scam, it isn't a fraud or a way to cheat. It is a medium by which growth is achieved by parceling out ownership to raise capital. Since not everybody will always want to own that piece it has to be fungable. That piece represents not only current earnings through dividends, but also, assuming no further piece issuances, a larger chunk of an ever-expanding pie.