Originally posted by: bamacre
Better yet, explain the causes of the booms and busts before 1913.
The 2nd Bank of the United States caused the American republic's first nationwide recession:
?Starting in July of 1818?the BUS (2nd Bank of the United States) began a series
of enormous contractions, forced curtailment of loans, contractions of credit in the south and west?The contractions of money and credit swiftly brought to the United States its first widespread economic and financial depression. ?The result of this contraction was a rash of defaults, bankruptcies of business and manufacturers...? ?Murray Rothbard.
?The pressure placed upon the state banks deflated the economy drastically, and as the money supply wilted, the country sank into severe depression.? ?Herman Krooss
Andrew Jackson deemed the central bank:
??more formidable and dangerous than a naval and military power of the enemy.?
and decided he would abolish it, but the head of the bank, Nicholas Biddle fought back:
Historian Robert Remini writes:
?Biddle counterattacked. He initiated a general curtailment of loans throughout the entire banking system? It marked the beginning of a bone-crushing struggle between a powerful financier and a determined and equally powerful politician. (Biddle) knew that if he brought enough pressure and agony to the money market, only then could he force the President to restore the deposits. He almost gloated. ?This worthy President
thinks that because he has scalped Indians and imprisoned Judges, he is to have his way with the Bank. He is mistaken. ?Nothing but widespread
suffering will produce any effect on Congress?Our only safety is in pursuing a steady course of firm restriction ? and I have no doubt that such a course will ultimately lead to restoration of the currency and the re-charter of the Bank??
Biddle's plan succeeded and Jackson was blamed initially, but when the people found out Biddle intentionally caused the crisis, faith in Jackson was restored and the central bank was abolished in 1836 (well actually, it was restructured into a state bank).
It was fortunate that the people found out the truth b/c the lawmakers were bought and sold by Biddle:
?When the investigating committee arrived at the Bank?s doors in Philadelphia armed with a subpoena to examine the books, Biddle flatly refused. Nor would he allow inspection of correspondence with Congressmen relating to their personal loans and advances. ?For lesser mortals, such action would have resulted in?stiff fines or imprisonment. But not for Nicholas Biddle. Remini explains:
?The committeemen demanded a citation for contempt, but many southern
Democrats opposed this extreme action, and refused to cooperate. As Biddle bemusedly observed, it would be ironic if he went to prison ?by the votes of members of Congress because I would not give up to their enemies their confidential letters.?
Jackson succeeded in routing out what he called a "den of vipers and thieves", but didn't clear out the vipers' nests and eggs and so the infestation would later return.
The Jackson administration initiated a series of monetary reforms in 1836 for the purposes of curbing inflation and of compelling the nation to return to gold and silver coins for everyday use, and so all banks were required to stop issuing paper notes under $5 (later increased to $20). Under the central bank, total money in circulation had risen by 84% in just four years. It was time to reverse the inflation, as Paul Volker would later do as Fed chairman in combating the rabid inflation of the 1970's. Just as in Volker's case, the rapid contraction of credit (16% reduction of money supply in the first year) caused a recession - the panic of 1837. Predictable, but no pain, no gain (but it's only short term pain if the government stays out of the way like it should and doesn't increase the money supply later on). The U.S. can curb inflation
and budget deficits by returning to the gold standard. There are many ideas on how to make this happen. For example, Greenspan, although he long ago abandoned ties to the free market and became and became a central planner both in fiscal and policy sense (to the detriment of all), wrote an article during the Reagan years on how to transition back onto the gold standard:
http://www.financialsense.com/.../straka/2005/0901.html
Nonetheless, there are certain preparatory policy action that could test the eventual feasibility of returning to a gold standard, that would have positive short term anti-inflation benefits and little cost if they fail... Convertibility can be instituted gradually by, in effect, creating a dual currency with a limited issue of dollars convertible into gold. Initially they could be deferred claims to gold, for example, five year Treasury notes with interest and principle in grams or ounces of gold.
With the passage of time and several issues of these notes we would soon have series of ?near monies? in terms of gold and eventually, demand in claims of gold."
Though the central bank was gone, what followed were laws that led to a "halfway-house" towards central banking banking which would lead to further instabilities:
- Paper money to gold ratio was declared 2:1 (I'm not sure if this applied to all banks). Not perfect, but livable. The
real problem was that "checkbook money" issued by banks had no effective limit. This expansion of credit led to foolish speculative behavior and instability
- The precedent for the Federal Reserve was established when in the 1850's when instead of gold and silver, banks in some states were allowed to base their money supply not on gold and silver, but on government paper securities
- more State chartered banks were established, backed not by gold and silver but money created out of thin air via bonds (note that there were already some state chartered banks established before the 2nd Bank of the U.S. was abolished)
- 'Free banking' was established but is a misnomer. These banks didn't receive state charters, but when being established they were often required to make loans to the state and were under government controls and regulations and supports. These banks played shell games with their gold reserves, and instead of the state exercising its power of enforcing contracts (in this case, it should have been arresting and seizing assets of those bankers who failed to exchange bank notes for gold), it allowed the banks to play their games under the pretense of government 'regulation'.
- in 1862, Greenbacks were issued by the govt. as legal tender for private debts (but not usable for paying taxes). Over the course of the war, the purchasing power fell by 65%
- the government issued tariffs for European goods which badly hurt the Southern economy, and this helped kick off the start of the Civil War. In 1863 the National Banking Act was established. Rather than a single central bank, now there were many national banks. Similar to how the Fed and Treasury operate now, bonds and dollars (United States Bank Notes) were 'swapped' and these notes were declared legal tender.
Post-war inflation, rampant speculative investments, a large trade deficit, & ripples from economic dislocation in Europe caused the panic of 1873. Collectivists sought bailouts & inflation of the money supply:
http://www.harpweek.com/09Cart...?Month=October&Date=11
Grant vetoed the bill, arguing that any short-term benefit would be far outweighed by the long-term damage done to the national economy by the inflation it would generate. The financial community and major newspapers, such as Harper's Weekly and The New York Times, applauded the courageous decision. Grant's veto was also important because it swung the pendulum back toward the "hard-money" politicians, who in 1875 passed the Specie Resumption Act. The law scheduled the United States to return to the gold standard (with silver as a subsidiary currency) on January 1, 1879. The economic depression continued through 1878 with more bankruptcies and high unemployment, but the overall economy, in fact, grew during those years. In 1879, with the country back on the gold standard, the United States experienced several years of unprecedented economic expansion.
There's more to cover, but I'm getting tired of writing this, but the bottom line is that we didn't have a truly sound money policy prior to the Fed, and that was a major cause of economic distress. The Founding Fathers knew the dangers of paper money and that is why in the Constitution is says that only gold and silver can be legal tender. And despite some post-civil war economic turmoil, many believe we did well prior to the Fed. Even a central planner like Greenspan:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caIgP3Mnb6g
and Volcker:
"It is a sobering fact that the prominence of central banks in this century has coincided with a general tendency towards more inflation, not less. f the overriding objective is price stability, we did better with the nineteenth-century gold standard and passive central banks, with currency boards, or even with 'free banking.' The truly unique power of a central bank, after all, is the power to create money, and ultimately the power to create is the power to destroy."
Yes we are creating too much money out of thin air now:
http://blip.tv/file/1800745/
and making all the same mistakes the French did in 1789:
http://www.financialsense.com/...s/casey/2006/1228.html