That's a metal junction box and it probably had a ceiling fan attached to it.
All those circular grooves in the paint looks like they were created by the shroud on the top of ceiling fans.
The ground wire is looped under the grounding screw, which tells me it is a metal junction box.
Also, the round features in the bottom of the J box appear to be ejection pads for a diecast metal part.
It is possibly plastic, but my money is on metal.
I see 3 conductors (red, black, white), which is used on 3 way lights or on ceiling fans to control the motor and light separately.
Find the switch(es) on the wall to see if it controls the red and black wires independently, or if there are multiple single switches that control both, from different points in the house.
I have no way of knowing whether or not it is properly installed and can support a ceiling fan though. As long as it is secured to a ceiling joist or 2 joists using a spanning bracket, it can support a fan.