Generally, the frequencies you can acheive with each standard. Cat5 goes up to 100 MHz, Cat5e up to 350 MHz, Cat6 up to 550 MHz. Cat5e and Cat6 are better shielded than Cat5 b/c of more twists in the wire. Cat6 adds a divider to the inner core. Dunno about Cat6e.
Generally, Cat5e should be used for 100 Mbps networking, Cat6 for gigabit.
The "ping" command works well for packet loss and latency...