An additional 50 pins, resulting in a longer slot, that provides either up to 50 watts of power, or 150 watts of power, depending on the implementation. There are 2 AGP Pro standards, AGP Pro 50 and AGP Pro 150, describing the power. Most AGP Pro boards that you see today are AGP Pro 50.
There is no additional speed advantage in AGP Pro over AGP4X. Just think of AGP Pro as AGP4X with extra power if needed.
There are no consumer level AGP Pro cards at the moment, so whether or not a motherboard has one at the present time is not really an issue. Some nVidia Quadro cards come as AGP Pro.