A few years ago, it got to -20-something in Chicago. My roomate at the time had a Pontiac(?) 6000. Once he got it started, it ran for about 20 seconds or so, then he revved it ... and the engine went rough and died then would not start.
It turned out that the pin/key/fastener holding the timing gear on the overhead cam sheared
My understanding is that today's new, higher tolerance engines do not tolerate stiff / dirty oil very well.
FWIW
Scott