If the contaminated food really was that salad, it sounds like S. aureus (Staph) food poisoning -
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/staphylococcal/.
Basically, the food got contaminated with Staph, and was left to incubate the staph long enough for it to multiply and excrete a toxin that immediately poisoned you. The illness comes from the toxin, not primarily the Staph. Symptoms usually clear up relatively quickly, for food poisoning that is - usually w/in 24 hrs when the body clears the toxin. Just keep hydrated and focus on getting through it.
Keep in mind that food "poisoning" - by infection or toxin - can develop anywhere between 30 min to weeks after consumption of the pathogen. It can be a coincidence that symptoms develop after eating questionable food. That salad could have been totally fine, it just turns out that the silent-but-deadly club sandwich you enjoyed at the country club last weekend finally unleashed its fury.
http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/understanding-food-poisoning-symptoms
If symptoms persist for more than a day or two, or shit gets severe, see a doctor immediately. No one wants to go out by crapping themselves to death.
Good luck.
Edit: Looks like you recovered quickly. Indicates to me it was likely toxin-mediated. Unfortunately, the vast majority of these end up being totally idiopathic.