Any PCIe card will fit in a x16 slot. If you mean what else uses that many lanes, I can't think of anything else. RAID cards need x8 but other than that, maybe there are some specialized cards for certain industries?
A RAID card immediately came to mind myself for some reason, as in have an old one in there with 4x1TB WD RE3s in there for many years now for storage, but yeah are other things I'm not familiar with personally.
I've seen people in other forums talk about need a specific slot for PCI-E and chuckle a bit, they will take any PCI-E, and some think you need one of the special little ones to do it.
Those little ones will even work in them, though depending where they put them might bork your lanes a bit.
My old ASUS P6T7 has 7 of them, I actually had to buy one PCI slot adapter to keep using the Auzentech X-Fi Prelude I've had for years over the on board.
Have a SATA 2 to SATA 3 adapter card in another PCI-E for my two Sammy EVO 120's and the DVD just because it was a faster place to plug the DVD in than the MOBO SATA 2
It's more the fact it's there and backwards compatible, I suppose.