If you know electronics, and can program then you could try to design one yourself. However, USB is a real pain to use - as you have to write device specific drivers - and if you've ever tried writing windows drivers, you'll know that it is a nightmare.
How important is the USB interface? Would a serial port (COM port) do? Or even parallel port?
There should be dozens of cheap industrial thermometers with COM ports - plus writing software would be trivial. If you can't find one ready made, then building one would be pretty easy - all you'd need would be a $.50 temp sensor chip and a $2 CPU with integrated A/D convertor and COM port and about $5 of additional components.
You can get USB to serial adpators. That would also have the advantage of not limiting cable length. USB is limited to 15 feet. Serial ports are essentially unlimited - I know of anecdotes of people running a serial cable over a mile (to play multiplayer games - before wireless networking became a reality).