there is another ancient exchange method these terrorists and other shady characters in the muslim world use
to transfer money from one corner of the earth to other, all without any paper trail, without any contact with
the established banking industry in the west. its called hawala. below are excerpts from a recent new york
times article (a bit long) that explains how hawala works and how osama and his cohorts rely on the illegal
networks. (can't link directly to ny times - suck.
Ancient Secret System Moves Money Globally
By DOUGLAS FRANTZ
With nothing more than a telephone and a fax machine, Tarir Khan transfers money almost anywhere in the world ?
no questions asked, no names used and no trail for law enforcement to follow. Mr. Khan is a small cog in a far- reaching
network of informal banking known as hawala, the Arabic word for trust. Although it is illegal in most countries, including
here in Pakistan, authorities estimate that billions of dollars flow unseen by regulators through the hawala system worldwide.
A senior government official in Pakistan said law enforcement authorities were certain that Osama bin Laden's network used
hawala to transfer money to agents outside Afghanistan, along with conventional means. But the nature of hawala will make
tracking those particular exchanges almost impossible. In the Kandahari bazaar here, many hawala dealers are concentrated
in a five-story concrete building that resembles a bunker, its interior dark and its offices lighted by dim bulbs.
Outside, donkey-drawn carts vie for space with Toyota Land Cruisers, and three-wheel motorized rickshaws dodge bangled
buses and pedestrians. The absence of women, save a couple of beggars, is striking. In Pakistan and Afghanistan, money
business is men's business.
Anyone can walk into a hawala shop in Quetta or a thousand other cities in southern Asia, put down a stack of cash and ask
that the sum be transferred to a recipient in another country. Mr. Khan and his associate, found sitting cross-legged on the
floor of their sparse office and sipping tea, keep transactions in a brown notebook on Mr. Khan's desk. When he receives a
telephone call or a fax to confirm that money has been picked up elsewhere in the world, the relevant page is torn out of the
notebook.
Even the new scrutiny prompted by the terror attacks on Sept. 11 is highly unlikely to disclose all the details of how Mr. bin
Laden's money moves through the ancient system. Mr. Khan, for one, refuses to divulge the cities where he has associates,
saying he fears the authorities. "This system is made for transferring enough money to get a pilot's license or make a deposit
on an apartment without raising an eyebrow," Prof. Nikos Passas, an expert on transnational crime at Temple University and
a consultant to government agencies, said in a telephone interview.
Finance Minister Shaukut Aziz, a former executive vice president of Citibank in New York, said $2 billion to $5 billion moved
through the hawala system annually in Pakistan, more than the amount of foreign transfers through the country's banking
system. Pakistan is trying to draft laws to regulate the industry. But for now it thrives illegally in places like the Kandahari bazaar.
A United States Treasury Department study identified hawala as the principal means of money laundering from drug trafficking
and other crimes in Pakistan. The report said Pakistan, India and Dubai on the Persian Gulf form the "hawala triangle" to move
money secretly worldwide.
In hawala, sums large and small are sent halfway around the world on a handshake and a code word. Records of transactions
are kept just until the deal is completed. Then they are destroyed. No cash moves across a border or through an electronic transfer
system, the places where authorities are most likely to spot or record the transaction. The sender does not have to provide his name
or identify the recipient. Instead, he is given a code word, which is all the recipient needs to pick up the same amount of cash from an
associate of the original trader. The transaction can occur in the time it takes to make a couple of phone calls or send a fax.
The system was in place long before Western banking. The ancient Chinese used a similar method called "flying money," or fei qian.
Arab traders used it as a means of avoiding robbery along the Silk Road. Millions of Pakistanis, Indians, Filipinos and other people
from southern Asia working in foreign countries use the system to send money home to relatives. "They don't feel comfortable
walking into a bank," Mr. Aziz said in an interview.
"It's very dangerous to talk about this, because it is illegal," Mr. Khan, who arrived in Quetta from Afghanistan many years ago, said
this afternoon as a colleague shook his head and told him to keep quiet. "I can't tell you much." Trust, he said, is the essential quality
of a hawala trader. Most of his customers are from the same part of Afghanistan. So there is an innate sense of trust.
He said transfers were usually sent among family members and involved a few hundred dollars. Sometimes transactions are for as little
as $50. He provides a five-digit code word, a letter and four numbers, that the recipient takes to one of Mr. Khan's associates as far
away as the United States, Germany or Russia. The same associates accept money for transfer to relatives in Quetta.
"They tell the code word, and we hand over the money," he said. "Then we tear up the records on both ends." Most hawala merchants
charge a small commission, usually $5 for transfers up to $500 and $10 for up to $1,000. Their main profit comes from currency fluctuations
and extra fees for moving money for big clients.
The system is used for far larger sums, often by drug traffickers, corrupt politicians and black market traders, according to local experts and
law enforcement. "The drug dealers, the politicians who get kickbacks and others with black money use this system," said Kamran Mumtaz,
editor of The Daily Mashriq, a newspaper in Quetta. Authorities have found evidence that hawala has been used for payments by smuggling
rings and militant groups in the disputed territory of Kashmir and the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, Professor Passas said. "This is the most
convenient, common and cheapest system of moving money," he said. "It is also one of the most difficult to track."
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