If you're absolutely sure you want to stick with snowboarding, then go ahead and get a pair of good snowboarding pants. I wouldn't spend more than $120-$150 on them. Yeah, they're expensive. Otherwise, something like mugsywwiii's suggestion would work. The first time I went snowboarding I wore jeans and then wind pants over that. Haha kind of funny but it worked!
Gloves, pretty much any will do as long as they keep your hands warm. I like mittens but gloves are fine too. If the place has a rope tow maybe get a pair of glove protectors, otherwise the rope may eat up your gloves. But rope tows are usually on the bunny hills and terrain parks.
Socks, I don't know. I wear regular socks and then a heavier pair over them. Maybe some that are nice and warm but are breathable. I'm sure they make ski/snowboard socks.
Inner layers is up to you depending on the temperature. I just wear whatever under my jacket and take off layers if I get too hot, which is what you want to be able to do.
Sunglasses or goggles are good. I suggest goggles but sunglasses would work I guess. It sucks going down the mountain and squinting your eyes cause you're going so fast or it's snowing out. Snowboarding without goggles or glasses when it's snowing out sucks ass. Get a pair of goggles with a tinted and no-fog lens. You don't have to pay a ton for the most l33t goggles either, at least I wouldn't. I have a cheap pair of Oakley ones which do what they're supposed to.
Feel free to ask any more questions. Hope that helped! 🙂
EDIT: Shabby's suggestion is a good idea. No use spending a bunch of money and then seeing that it's not for you! Although the above wouldn't cost that much, besides the pants, but I wouldn't get those unless I was SURE I was going to like snowboarding.