Under Kyoto, countries are required to make cuts in emissions compared to 1990 levels. But because of the fall of the Soviet Union and the economy's collapse, Russia is producing far less -- and emitting less greenhouse gases -- than it did in 1990. Thus, Russia has not only met its targets but it has essentially already "cut" more emissions than it needs to under Kyoto.
VALUABLE COMMODITY. Now, consider that Europe has also embraced a carbon-trading scheme as part of its climate-change strategy. That means the right to emit certain amounts of carbon can be bought and sold. So let's say a country is required to reduce emissions by 1 million tons of carbon. If its steps are so strong that it ends up cutting emissions by 2 million tons, then it can sell the 1 million tons of "excess" cuts to a country that wasn't able to make such large reductions.
That's why the collapse of Russia's economy left the country with a valuable commodity -- its large emissions reductions. In a global emissions-trading system that includes the U.S., the value of those Russian reductions could be as high as $3 billion, by some estimates. Without the U.S. participating, however, the value drops to several hundred million dollars.
WTO COMPROMISE. When the EU asked Russia to join in on Kyoto, not surprisingly, "Russia said: What's in it for us?" explains Annie Petsonk, international counsel for Environmental Defense (ED). Russia wanted more than the dollars from emissions trading, it wanted EU support for its entry into the World Trade Organization.