The present monarch,
Queen Elizabeth II, has reigned since 6 February 1952. She and
her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial and representational duties. As a constitutional monarch, the
Queen is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. Though the ultimate executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarch's
royal prerogative, these powers may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament, and, in practice, within the constraints of convention and precedent.
The Monarch takes little direct part in Government. The decisions to exercise
sovereign powers are delegated from the Monarch, either by
statute or by
convention, to
Ministers or officers of the Crown, or other
public bodies, exclusive of the Monarch personally. Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown, such as Crown Appointments,
[6] even if personally performed by the Monarch, such as the
Queen's Speech and the
State Opening of Parliament, depend upon decisions made elsewhere.
Parliament meets much of the sovereign's official expenditure from public funds, known as the Civil List and the Grants-in-Aid. An annual Property Services Grant-in-Aid pays for the upkeep of the royal residences, and an annual Royal Travel Grant-in-Aid pays for travel. The Civil List covers most expenses, including those for staffing, state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment. Its size is fixed by Parliament every 10 years; any money saved may be carried forward to the next 10-year period.
[97] The
Royal Collection, which includes artworks and the
Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Sovereign personally and is held
in trust,
[98] as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as
Buckingham Palace and
Windsor Castle.
[99]
The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as value added tax, and since 1993 the Queen has paid
income tax and
capital gains tax on personal income. The Civil List and Grants-in-Aid are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure.
[107]
The Sovereign's official residence in London is
Buckingham Palace. It is the site of most state banquets, investitures, royal christenings and other ceremonies.
[113] The palaces belong to the Crown; they are held in trust for future rulers, and cannot be sold by the monarch.
[118] Sandringham House in
Norfolk and
Balmoral Castle in
Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the Queen.
[99]