The infinite monkey theorem is relatively straightforward to prove. If two events are statistically independent, meaning neither affects the outcome of the other, then the probability of both happening is equivalent to the product of the probabilities of each one happening on its own. For example, if the chance of rain in Sydney on a particular day is 0.3 and the chance of an earthquake in San Francisco on that day is 0.8, the chance of both happening on that same day is 0.3 × 0.8 = 0.24.
Now, suppose the typewriter has 50 keys, and the monkey is trying to type the word "banana". Typing at random, the chance that the first letter typed is b is 1/50, as is the chance that the second letter typed is a, and so on. These events are independent, so the chance of the first six letters matching "banana" is 1/506. For the same reason, the chance that the next 6 letters match "banana" is also 1/506, and so on.
Now, the chance of not typing "banana" in each block of 6 letters is 1 - 1/506. Because each block is typed independently, the chance, X, of not typing "banana" in any of the first n blocks of 6 letters is X = (1 - 1/506)n. As n gets larger and larger, this number X gets smaller and smaller. For an n of a million, X is 99.99%, but for an n of 10 billion it is 53% and for an n of 100 billion it is 0.17%. As n approaches infinity, the probability X asymptotically approaches zero, that is by making n large enough X can be made as small as one likes. If we were to count occurrences of "banana" that crossed blocks, X would approach zero even more quickly. The same argument applies if the monkey were typing any other string of characters of any length.
The same argument shows why infinitely many monkeys produce a text as quickly as it would be produced by a human typist copying it from the original. In this case X = (1 - 1/506)n where 'X' represents the probability that none of the first n monkeys types "banana" correctly on their first try. When we consider 100 billion monkeys, the probability falls to 0.17%, and as the number of monkeys, n increases to infinity the value of X (the probability of a monkey failing to reproduce a given text) decreases to zero. (This is equivalent to stating that the probability that one or more of an infinite number of monkeys will produce a given text, on the first try, is 100%, or, that it is certain they will do so.)