FIRST FIX
The cheap way is to exit outlook and go to control panel and click on mail and then create new profile.
then just add in your account info.
If this is at work then more than likely the info will self populate.
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SECOND FIX
Up in the toolbar area you can look at the upper right area and
look for an arrow that is pointing either sideways or down but either way click on it and it will make your options appear in the tool bar like it does in your second photo.
What causes it is the same as me. Sloppy clicking.