If you think that the electric light was invented by Edison, you need a history lesson.
Here is a brief history of artificial lighting through the ages.
* ~400,000 BCE - Fire is discovered.
* ~13,000 BCE - Lamps are made by putting fiber wicks in natural depressions in rocks and shells, fuelled by animal fat.
* ~5000 BCE - Nut and vegetable oils come into use as fuel.
* ~3000 BCE - Oil lamps are open bowls with a spout to hold the wick.
* ~2600 BCE - Oil lamps are carved from stone.
* ~600 BCE - Oil lamps are made from pottery.
* ~500 BCE - Oil lamps become fully enclosed, with just the wick protruding, instead of open bowls.
* ~400 - The candle is invented.
* ~1550 - Georgius Agricola writes about the color of flames when mineral salts are dropped into them.
* 1667 - Robert Boyle studies bioluminescence, showing that oxygen is necessary for luminous bacteria and fungi to light up.
* 1669 - Hennig Brandt discovers phosphorus.
* 1675 - Olaf Roemer roughly calculates the speed of light to be 132,000 miles per second. When he presents his work to the French Academy of Science, he is ridiculed.
* 1678 - Christian Huygens discovers the polarization of light.
* 1725 - James Bradely calculates the speed of light to be 186,000 miles per second.
* 1752 - Thomas Melvill makes the first scientific study of the color of flames as influenced by the addition of salts.
* 1783 - Ami Argand improves the oil lamp to produce more light and less smoke.
* 1792 - William Murdock lights his home and office by burning gas made by heating coal.
* Sir Humphrey Davey invents the minor's safety lamp.
* 1800 - William Herschel discovers infrared radiation.
* 1801 - Johann Wilhelm Ritter discovers ultraviolet radiation.
* 1809 - Sir Humphrey Davey demonstrates electrical discharge lighting to the Royal Institution in London, using an open-air arc between two carbon rods. The result is a very intense, and very pure white light. Unfortunately, as the arc runs, carbon boils off and the rods wear away: constant attention must be paid to readjusting the arc, feeding more carbon in.
* 1814 - First general use of gas street lighting; London.
* 1826 - Thomas Drummond invents limelight: a piece of lime heated in an oxygen and hydrogen flame.
* 1836 - William Edwards Staite uses clockwork to keep carbon arc lamps adjusted.
* 1841 - Frederick DeMoleyns patented incandescent lamp using filaments of platinum and carbon, protected by a vacuum.
* 1849 - Armand Fizeau calculates the speed of light to be 186,300 miles per second.
* 1853 - The kerosene lamp is introduced; Germany.
* 1855 - Heinrich Geissler creates low-pressure discharge tubes that soon become a novelty sensation; Germany.
* 1857 - Serrin devises a clockwork-fed carbon arc lamp.
* 1865 - Herman Sprengel pioneers the vacuum light bulb.
* Incandescent lighting is studied by numerous scientists and inventors: Swan, Cruto, Gobel, Farmer, Maxim, Lane-Fox, Sawyer, Mann.
* 1850s and 60s - Joseph Swan demonstrates incandescent lamps with carbon filaments. Poor vacuum pump technology at the time made the lamps prone to early failure.
* 1870 - John Tyndal demonstrates the principal of "total internal reflectance" by shining light at a spout of water as it streams from a tank. The water falls in an arc and the light follows it. This is the principle behind fiber optics and light pipes.
* 1874 - Henry Woodward and Matthew Evans file the first Canadian patent for an incandescent lamp.
* 1876 - Paul Jablochkoff develops the Jablochkoff Candle, a practical arc lamp that does not require constant electrode adjustment. It has carbon electrodes side by side, with an ablative insulator that burns down at the same speed as the carbon.
* 1876 - Charles F. Brush invents a new type of simple, reliable, self-regulating arc lamp, and a new dynamo to power it. The lamp uses a solenoid and clutch mechanism to adjust the carbons.
* 1878 - The Jablochkoff Candle is used to light public places in France and Britain.
* 1878 - Thomas Edison prematurely announces successful incandescent lamp with platinum filament.
* 1879 - Joseph Swan demonstrates a carbon filament lamp. [February]
* 1879 - Thomas Edison publicly demonstrates a carbonized cardboard filament lamp, 11 months after Swan.
* 1880 - Thomas Edison receives U.S. patent #223,898 for the carbon filament incandescent lamp.
* 1880 - William Wheeler patents light pipes, using hollow pipes with reflective inner surfaces.
* 1880 - Carbonized bamboo becomes a common incandescent filament material.
* 1881 - Ludwig Piette and Franz Krizik win a Gold Medal at the Paris Electrical Exhibition for their "Pilsen lamp". It is a carbon arc lamp that regulates the carbon rods using an iron core between two solenoids.
* 1885 - Welsbach introduces the gas mantle, greatly improving the light output of gas lighting.
* 1887 - Col. Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton builds a power station at Kensington Court, one of the first practical power supply schemes. Electric lighting is freed from relying on battery power.
* 1887 - Raphael Dubois demonstrates luciferin, used in bioluminescence.
* 1888 - Squirted cellulose becomes a common incandescent filament material.
* 1889 - A patent is granted for "flame arc lamps", with cores of flame-producing salts added to the carbon rods. The salt core increases light output and can be used to color the light.
* 1893 - An engineer named Marks introduces the "enclosed arc lamp". The arc is contained in a small glass tube within the main globe of the lamp. The restricted air flow around the arc reduces carbon rod consumption to one fifth previous rates.
* 1893 - D. McFarlan Moore introduces "Moore tube" light sources. They are cold cathode tubes, containing carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas. Lifespan is short because the gases attacked the electrodes.
* 1895 - Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-Rays.
* 1898 - Pierre and Marie Curie discover radium, a luminous radioactive element.
* 1901 - Peter Cooper Hewitt develops the first practical mercury-vapor lamp. It uses mercury vapor inside a glass bulb with an arc lamp. The visible light is distinctly bluish green.
* Electrical discharge through mercury vapour is an excellent light source. But at low pressure most of the light is in the ultraviolet - useless and dangerous. This is the first High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamp.
* 1905 - Welsbach develops the first metal filament incandescent lamp, using osmium.
* 1908 - Tantalum is used for metal incandescent lamp filaments.
* 1907 - Tungsten is used for metal incandescent lamp filaments. Such filaments are extremely fragile.
* 1910 - "neon" sign lamps introduced by Georges Claude; France.
* 1911 - William D. Coolidge develops ductile tungsten incandescent lamp filaments. Filaments are not as fragile, and lamp life goes up.
* 1913 - Irving Langmuir pioneers the first gas-filled electric lamp, at atmospheric pressure. He also discovers that coiling the filament improves light output.
* 1915 - The first patent is issued for a neon sign.
* 1925 - Blue "neon" tubes are used, containing argon and mercury; London.
* 1926 - Harold Eugene Edgerton develops the high speed gas discharge lamp (stroboscope). [Also given as 1931.]
* 1930 - Johannes Ostermeir patents the photographic flashbulb; Germany.
* 1932 - Low pressure sodium lamps are first used commercially. Low pressure sodium lamps emit a deep orange-yellow light. They were the first really efficient lamp.
* 1933 - Various "neon" tubes are used for decoration.
* High-pressure sodium lamps improve the color, while maintaining energy efficiency.
* 1934 - The high-pressure mercury lamp is introduced. It gives a bluish white light.
* 1937 - First public exhibition of the fluorescent lamp. It uses a hot-cathode low-pressure mercury lamp, with fluorescent phosphors lining the inside of the glass. These phosphors soak up the ultraviolet light and turn it into safe, usable visible light.
* 1937 - Dick Thayer experiments with sealed-beam lamps made from "Pyrex" custard cups purchased from a hardware store. In its final form, the filament, reflector and lens are optically aligned at the factory, and sealed into a single lamp unit. It would be known as the Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) lamp.
* 1938 - First commercial sale of the fluorescent lamp.
* 1939 - Daniel K. Wright patents an early sealed-beam lamp.
* 1940 - The first sealed beam automotive headlamps are used in cars.
* 1947 - Aldington studies electric discharge arcs in xenon gas under high pressure.
* 1955 - Kapany invents modern fiber optics.
* 1955 - Dichroic flood lamps provide a "cool" light by using a special reflector to project visible light forward while some infrared energy is dissipated out through the back of the reflector.
* 1957 - Gordon Gould invents the LASER, but is suppressed by the Defense Department.
* 1957 - The quartz halogen lamp (A.K.A. tungsten halogen lamp) is invented. In conventional tungsten lamps, the filament metal slowly evaporates and condenses on the glass envelope, leaving a black stain. In this case, the halogen removes the deposited tungsten and puts it back on the filament. This extends filament life and keeps the glass envelope from darkening. In order for this to work, halogen lamps must run hot: The envelope must be no cooler than 482°F, and sometimes has spots as high as 1250°F. In order to withstand this high temperature, the "glass" envelope is made from durable materials like synthetic quartz.
* 1960 - Theodore Maiman perfects the LASER.
* 1960 - Metal halide lamps are developed. These are essentially mercury high pressure discharge lamps with additional metal halides in their arc tubes. They produce a natural white light.
* Charles H. Townes and Arthur Schawlow are the first to actually apply for a patent on the LASER and they are the first to publish their findings in scientific journals.
* 1965 - First light emitting diode (LED).
* 1966 - Commercial introduction of the high pressure sodium lamp. It is more economical than mercury, fluorescent, or incandescent. It has a more natural color than low pressure sodium.
* 1968 - The speed of light is officially established as 186,282.3976 miles per second.
* 1968 - He-Ne LASER (red beam) is in commercial use.
* 1969 - A new form of metal halide lamp, the HMI lamp (mercury medium arc iodides) is introduced. The H stands for mercury (atomic symbol "Hg"), M is for Metals and the I is for halogen components (iodide, bromide). It provides a daylight type spectrum.
* 1970 - The Corning company produces the first practical fiber optic cable.
* Early 1980s - compact fluorescent, based on new, efficient fluorescent phosphors. These phosphors combine good color rendering, very high luminous efficacy, and are usable with higher UV levels.
* 1994 - The sulfur lamp is developed. This uses a microwave energy source of 2.45 Ghz. to bombards sulfur under argon gas in a quartz envelope. The result is a brightly glowing plasma. The output is continuous throughout the visual spectrum, but low in ultraviolet and infrared.