When you upgraded did you re-install Windows clean, or did you keep your old OS install? If the later then did you perform a Windows Repair Install? You CANNOT just swap mobos and boot up and expect Windows to properly detect all the new hardware. Doesn't work that way. Unless your new mobo uses the same chipset it won't boot because Windows won't find the boot partition at the same physical address.
You must perform a repair install which will wipe the device manager and force Windows to re-detect all hardware as if it was a new install. You will not lose any data or apps. You will need to install all the latest drivers afterwards (Windows will only install it's own generic drivers - same as a new install). You'll also need to install all the latest windows updates since the OS files will all be reset to the versions on the Windows XP CD you use for the repair install (including the version of the service pack on that CD).
Instructions here:
http://www.michaelstevenstech.com/XPrepairinstall.htm
Assuming that you did a repair or clean install of WinXP then I would suspect your PSU. Did you keep the old PSU and just upgrade the mobo? Your old PSU might not be stable enough for a newer Athlon64 mobo. Modern mobos are very fussy about power, they also require a heavier 12 volt rail.
For a modern mobo I would recommend a PSU with a "Dual 12 volt rail". This provides a seperate 12 volt regulator for the mobo and for the drives. Thus voltage fluctations caused by drive motor loads won't affect the 12 volt rail on the mobo.
Hope this helps...
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