Ugh. Didn't read it all, but got the gist and ya I had those thoughts in my youth as well.
Now for some answers:
1)There is no "God". May not be what you want to hear, but it's the truth. Religion, "God", Heaven, etc are motivations to follow a path(see 2).
2) Our lives, education, work, and other seemingly mundane things all serve a purpose. That purpose is to build a Civilization that reaches such a state that it becomes self-perpetuating and creates a lifestyle equivalent to the religious idea of Heaven.
3) Until the Heaven-on-Earth state is reached, every generation must Work, Learn, have families, etc. Essentially every generation adds to the last like one brick upon another until the task is complete.
4) However, it can't ever be decided, "We made it!", because when we do it turns out we didn't. Not necessarily because the level acheived isn't indeed "heavenly", but because we always become Decadent and unable to maintain what we have.
5) The flipside of #4, and often the downfall, is just giving up because it seems too complex and too difficult to continue.
Both 4 and 5 are quite evident in todays world. 4 is seen in the all pervasive need for Entertainment, from TV, Movies, Music, Porn, Parties, Drugs/Alcohol, Sex, etc. Rich/Poor, Religious/Non-religious, Educated/Uneducated all are directly affected by #4. Evidence of #5 isn't as widespread or common, but the Religious seem at the forefront of this at the present time. From attacks on Science/Scientific thought to an obsession with the End of the World which is welcomed with an anticipation like someone serious about committing suicide. We live in troubled times because people are giving up.
I suppose I went off on a tangent there, but oh well, just more for you to think about.