pre-amp - takes signals from stuff like tuners, cd players, dvd players, etc. and you tell it which one to pass onto the amplifier.
amplifier - takes the tiny line level signal from pre-amp and makes into a very powerful signal to push speakers
receiver - combines the pre-amp and amp into one unit
line level - low level signals that are transfered from, say, a cd player to the receiver/pre-amp
Inside the speakers themselves:
driver - A unit that produces sound
sub(woofer) - driver that produces house shaking frequencies
woofer - driver that produces lower frequencies (not as low as a sub though)
mid(range) - driver that produces midrange sounds (voices, per se)
tweet(er) - driver that produces high frequency sound (cymbal crash, glass breaking)
crossovers AKA xovers - seperates the different frequencies and sends them to the correct drivers (highs to tweets, bass to woofers/subwoofers, etc etc)
Hope that helps a bit