I suspected the answer might be found in messing with legacy Windows settings that MS used to make available to everyone, and had a play around with my Win7 VM. There are two settings that are kind-of relevant: Icon spacing (vertical) and Icon spacing (horizontal). Unfortunately it only had an effect on desktop icons, not icons in File Explorer (a similar effect to changing from medium to large desktop icons); also you would have ended up with a lot of unused space between icons so it wouldn't have been a great solution.
Playing with a Win10 VM I find that changing from medium thumbnails to large to extra large makes a fair bit of difference in the length of file name shown by default, e.g.:
Medium:
2010 The
Year We
Make
Contac...
Large:
2010 The Year We
Make Contact
(BR)
Extra Large:
2010 The Year We Make Contact (BR)
You can also do Ctrl+wheelmouse to incrementally change the size of icons between the presets.