If your messing with fiber I highly suggest you take a class on it. There is a lot of info out there you need to know. Most specifically NEVER look into the optic or a fiber cable, it can and will damage your eye.
There's different sizes, differrent bandwidth, different everything.
As far as why the different connectors it's just the evolution of the technology. LC has pretty much taken over ST/SC/MTRJ because it's much smaller. For example I can fit 48 ports of 1000 Base X on a single blade in a switch/router.
The plug/termination is also very important due to how much that coupling attentuates the signal. As the manufacturing and termination technologies advanced they were able to cheaply make a high performance and small junction.
-edit- in your example you have more junctions than normal, but because of the short distance you'll still be plenty fine.