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For a mechanical 7200 RPM HDD, no noticable difference compared to SATA 6Gb/s. Maybe slightly higher CPU usage. An SSD will saturate the converter and USB 3 controller, though. In theory USB 3 is supposed to deliver 5Gb/s, nearly the same as SATA, but there's lots of overhead with USB.
 
For a mechanical 7200 RPM HDD, no noticable difference compared to SATA 6Gb/s. Maybe slightly higher CPU usage. An SSD will saturate the converter and USB 3 controller, though. In theory USB 3 is supposed to deliver 5Gb/s, nearly the same as SATA, but there's lots of overhead with USB.

With UASP and good hardware you should be getting close to 400MB/s. Most consumer SSD's are around 550MB/s so, yes you're losing some throughput. You are however still above SATA 3Gb/s speeds so depending what your options are, USB could be the better option.
 
In my experience, non-UASP devices tend to max out at 250-300MB/s. With UASP, as XavierMace said, ~400MB/s is possible with regular 5Gbit USB3. I have have a few devices that can do 425MB/s on a good day with an SSD.

Another thing is that regular non-UASP USB3 tend to be hard on the CPU. UASP performs pretty much as regular SATA2/3 up to about QD4, after which performance tanks pretty fast.
 
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