This is a ... difficult question to answer directly, but let's just look at a few comparisons to get some idea.
This page lists the Intel 486DX-25 on a 1 micron process, with 1.2 million transistors in 165 mm^2.
Dropping to a 0.8 micron, it's the DX-50 with 1.2 million transistors in just
81 mm^2.
Jumping forward to 65 nm, we have the
Pentium D 9xx series (which are dual-die) packing
376 million transistors into 140 mm^2, a bit less than the DX-25 on 1 micron. A good portion of that is cache. That's over 300 times as many transistors, in less space.
I am assuming all of those numbers are accurate because I'm too lazy to look for a second source to confirm.