jon,
Just think of a fiber optic cable as just another cable. That's really all it is. Instead of moving bits on a twisted pair copper medium, it uses light on a fiber. Since its just a wire there is a WHOLE bunch of things you can run on it. The big key is since it is light it can be run great distances without the worry of interference that you have with copper.
If you're just wanting to stick with ethernet then 100 Base-F is 100 meg ethernet on fiber, Gigabit ethernet uses fiber primarily as well. As far as switches and what not, to the switch it is just another ethernet port.