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The Job of a Spacesuit
Outer space is an extremely hostile place. If you were to step outside a spacecraft such as the International Space Station, or onto a world with little or no atmosphere, such as the moon or Mars, and you were not wearing a spacesuit, the following things would happen:
You would become unconscious within 15 seconds because there is no oxygen.
Your blood and body fluids would "boil" and then freeze because there is little or no air pressure.
Your tissues (skin, heart, other internal organs) would expand because of the boiling fluids.
You would face extreme changes in temperature:
sunlight: 248 degrees Fahrenheit / 120 degrees Celsius
shade: -148 F / -100 C
You would be exposed to various types of radiation, such as cosmic rays, and charged particles emitted from the sun (solar wind).
You could be hit by small particles of dust or rock that move at high speeds (micrometeoroids) or orbiting debris from satellites or spacecraft.
Photo courtesy NASA
So, to protect you from these dangers, a spacesuit must:
Have a pressurized atmosphere
Give you oxygen
Remove carbon dioxide
Maintain a comfortable temperature despite strenuous work and movement into and out of sunlit areas
Protect you from micrometeoroids
Protect you from radiation to some degree
Let you see clearly
Allow you to move your body easily inside the spacesuit
Let you talk with others (ground controllers, other astronauts)
Let you move around the outside of the spacecraft