Totalnoob's chart reflects a total collapse in the value of so-called securities held by banks and institutional investors.
Both money and securities are theoretical stores of value. Banks are allowed, under fractional reserve principles, to lend several times more money than they have, either in cash or securities. For all practical purposes, the credit they extend is the same as money in the economy.
During the Bush years, banks were allowed unreasonable leverage against securities held, and were also allowed to overvalue such instruments. When that value plummeted, they were over-leveraged in a completely unsupportable way, and were also stuck holding over-valued securities they'd intended to sell to investors, aka chumps, suckers, marks, which includes our pensions and other retirement plans.
Rather than allowing the whole rotten edifice to collapse, or nationalizing the affected banks, the Treasury and Fed stepped in, paid cash for crap, moved it off banks' books so they could continue to operate and to lend. The govt also engaged in large deficit spending as stimulus. They didn't really increase the money supply at all, they merely sustained it somewhat. Had they not done so, what we see as the money supply would have dried up entirely, a la 1931.
The reason that dollar value hasn't plummeted is that the world's other major economies and currencies have been treated the same way, and that we're basically holding the world economy hostage, extorting value from it with overvalued "money"...