Apologies for the double post, but I just wanted to thank all the people who viewed this topic, and report it as solved.
After fiddling around with the laptop some more last night, I finally got an error that pointed me in the right direction. Occasionally, when the system would get to the point where it was not usable, if I pressed ALT+CTRL+DEL, the system would hang for a minute or two, then the screen would go black and it would hang for another minute, and then an error would come up with the following text:
Login process has failed to create the security options dialog
I searched for this on Google and found the following link:
http://www.vistaheads.com/foru...ty-options-dialog.html
The users there discuss the situation from a few different angles, but one thing I had not tried was to restart into the repair utility and check the disk from there. Even though the ScanDisk on boot did not find anything, I felt that a more thorough check was warranted because of the randomness of the errors I was receiving.
After running chkdsk /r, I seem to have found the problem - the utility found a few bad sectors on the hard drive, and repaired a lot of problems. It was very sluggish through certain parts of the tests, so I think the ultimate problem is just a faulty drive. I'll have to look into a replacement if the laptop isn't still under the warranty.
Anyway, thanks to everyone who might have helped, and hopefully this information will aid someone else in the future.
🙂