I teach A+ certification and the only real changes, depending on how far back we are talking (I remember the first time I took it, it had Mac questions), is they removed DOS completely, and added a very basic NT4 bootup problems, and basic win2000 troubleshooting. Other than that the hardware portion of the test is the same, just software really changed. They had originally said they were goint to add Linux in as part of the certification but they got away from that and made a Linux+ certifiation to cover that area. And the new certifiations are still lifetime certs, don't have to be renewed. Hope this helps.