I have. I can get 42MB/s out of USB 2.0 and 450MB/s* out of USB 3.0. I haven't managed yet to saturate 10Gbit USB 3.1, mostly because of the simple fact that I don't have an external device fast enough yet. Then there is the SATA3 bottleneck to consider (550-560MB/s).
There are a couple of things to mind in this however.
First of all you need a device that can actually read and write as fast as the theoretical speeds. In practice this means an external SSD with UASP support. UASP support is very important if you're chasing maximum speeds. BOT just can't keep up. It also improves random R/W by a tremendous amount, but runs out of steam at about QD4.
In practice an external 10Gbit USB 3.1 drive with UASP is effectively indistinguishable from an internal drive. Which is very, very useful for mobile. Where you can't always just add another internal drive.
For USB 2.0 this relates to the bus being half-duplex. This just means you can only send and receive in one direction at a time. Then there is encoding. USB 2 uses 8/10bit encoding, so you'll only get 80% of theoretical bandwidth through no matter what else.
USB 3.x uses 128/130bit encoding, and is full-duplex. It's superior in every way to USB 2.0.
*highest ever was 456.4MB/s, but that was a fluke I couldn't repeat.