Dameon: Learn the very basics before you get there -- Yes/No, Please, Thank you, How much, etc. -- buy a phrase book for that which includes numbers and familiarize yourself with them. There's no sense asking how much when you don't understand the response.

The most important question? "Do you speak English?" I learned that in probably 10 languages in my year in Europe and just asking that in
their language avoids a lot of the "ugly American" syndrome since they see you are trying. I saw the reaction on plenty of French faces when some idiot in American either just blurted out a question in English or simply asked "Do you speak English?" in English -- as if "Parlez-vous anglais?" is so hard to learn.
It also depends on where you are going. I spent over a week in Hungary, but I'll be damned if I couldn't learn that language despite the fact that I was with a native speaker most of the time! It's just so foreign since it's not an Indo-European language that I couldn't grasp it. You may want to consider a software program or something to learn some basics (pronunciation) and get a good dictionary and perhaps a grammar book to study from. Once you learn the basics of grammar, then read newspapers (SLOOOOWWWLY) while looking up the vocabulary. Don't pick the intellectual newspapers (like Le Monde in France), or you'll go nuts with trying to find the "high" language they use.
Best guess? After a few months, you should probably be able to conduct yourself around with too much help (assuming no head start), but it's really hard to tell without knowing your ability for language and without knowing what language you'll learn. In Europe, Finnish/Hungarian/Basque would be the hardest, Spanish/French/Italian would be the easiest. It also depends on the country since some countries have tons of English speaking people who will hear your accent and switch to English (the Netherlands, for instance -- nearly everyone I met spoke English very well), making it difficult to learn since they won't speak the language unless you ask (depends, but I ran into that).
Bottom line: Make an earnest attempt to learn and to be a good guest, since that's what you are. Respect their country, their heritage, their language, and their people, and they will return the courtesy. Be a jerk, and they will speak quickly and refuse to translate.
