Thermal paste is by no means a glue. Its an interface material.
There are a few choices for your needs though.
"Frag" tape aka Thermal adhesive tape or epoxy.
Frag tape is not a good performer for heat transfer compared to thermal pastes.
Epoxy works well but is permannent for the most part.
What we have found is that using "Arctic Silver " or "copper paste " does have enough strenght with surface tension to hold most smaller heat sinks on to a surface.
Such as vid card heat sinks and the like. Still you need a retension mechanism for larger heat sinks.