Some enterprise decision makers might like these reasons:
You can monitor and selectively block certain types of traffic from exiting your network (such as IM, games, whatever). You can control who has access to your internal, departmental servers. You get to block webcrawlers and bots from scouring your corporate webservers and listing their contents in public search engines. You raise the bar for the level of intelligence needed to hack into your network. You may pay less for lower bandwidth usage and you will have a more efficient internal network. All of the other reasons people have listed so far are great. Really, you only need a one good hack to justify spending a lot of money/time securing your network. 🙂
The only possible downside to a firewall is that it does its job too well and limits legitimate access. This is mainly an education/knowledge problem and once you get your firewall rules set up the first time, the maintenance phase is generally pretty painless.
Gaidin