An axel is when the skater takes off from their left front outside edge and lands on their right back outside edge. That adds an extra half rotation, so a triple axel is actually 3 and a half revolutions.
A salchow is when the skater takes off from the left back inside edge and lands on the right back edge, swinging their free leg out to start the rotation before they start the jump.
A loop is when the skater takes off from the right back outside edge and lands on their right back outside edge, with their free leg wrapped around the takeoff leg as they push up with the takeoff leg.
A lutz is when the skater takes off from the left back outside edge and lands on the left back outside edge. Because they're not using their free leg to help the spin and they're coming at it from the left instead of the right (going against the direction of spin for most skaters), you'll usually see a skater going face forward, building up speed, then at the last second, turning, leaning and launching into the jump backwards.
Most of the toe jumps just mean they have the extra step of picking the ice with their takeoff leg rather than jumping from an edge of the skate. More height and the first quads were all toes (that sounds weird).
How's that?
