- Sunday, February 10, 2002 - SALT LAKE CITY - Lt. Col. Brian Schaaf is prepared if called upon to take to the skies in his F-16 and shoot down an intruding aircraft - even a commercial plane - if it threatens the 2002 Olympics.
Schaaf never dreamed his military career would come to this.
Schaaf's orders are the same if a plane within the 90-mile protective bubble is a twin-engine Cessna or a hijacked airliner filled with American citizens.
"We have trained all our careers to go out and fight and kill the enemy, but we never expected we would have to shoot down a civilian aircraft in our own homeland," said Schaaf, an F-16 fighter pilot based at Utah's Hill Air Force Base. "But if what I do is going to save more lives, then that's what I am going to do."
The military calls it "negative sum gain," and it's the cornerstone of a last-minute, last-resort plan to protect the Olympics that was implemented by the North American Aerospace Defense Command - NORAD - in Colorado Springs after the terrorist attacks on the United States.
"NORAD was not part of the Olympics airspace-security team until after Sept. 11," said Air Force Maj. Ed Thomas, who is part of the NORAD team here from Colorado Springs. "Until then, there was no plan for armed American fighters to be flying overhead."
Now the F-16s can be seen and heard everywhere around Salt Lake City, a constant reminder of the terrorism but, Thomas said he believes, also a comfort.
"We like to call that jet noise the sound of freedom," he said. "We want the international public, when they hear that sound, to be reassured that NORAD is overhead, as a force of last resort against anyone who might have hate in their hearts."
Coordinating the overall Olympics security plan falls to the Secret Service. But after Sept. 11, Operation Noble Eagle included the air defense of the entire country. That job fell to NORAD, whose mission was fundamentally changed by the attacks.
"Prior to Sept. 11, NORAD's focus was not on domestic airspace," Thomas said. "Who thought that a terrorist would use a passenger airliner as a missile? NORAD's focus was external. We were looking for a strategic nuclear bomber coming over the poles or a cruise missile or an ICBM. Technology had allowed us to focus on our long-range radars to give us considerable warning of any air threat."
On Sept. 11, NORAD had 14 F-16s on alert at a handful of bases throughout the country. Today, there are nearly 150 F-16s and F-15s at about 30 U.S. bases, including Buckley Air Force Base east of Denver. Since Sept. 11, NORAD pilots have flown about 15,800 sorties over the continental U.S. "We have had requests to intercept potential air threats by the FAA more than 200 times since Sept. 11," Thomas said. "That includes everything from deranged passengers to the terrorist who had explosives in his shoes. That's a high number, and the overwhelming majority are benign, but it represents our unwillingness to accept any level of threat."
Air space over Salt Lake City is restricted, but it's not a no-fly zone. Any aircraft has to be cleared to fly there and must be communicating with the Federal Aviation Administration.
In other major metropolitan areas, planes can fly freely under a specified altitude, "but here, from zero feet to infinity, you have to be talking to somebody because otherwise there is no way for us to determine the intent of the pilot," Thomas said.
NORAD is enforcing the protective ring with 48 F-16s based at Hill Air Force Base, about 45 miles west of Salt Lake City. The 388th Air Fighter Wing pilots have been trained for the physical and emotional reality of inflicting American civilian causalities.
"The way most of our pilots reconcile that is, ultimately, they would be saving lives because that would mean the aircraft is intended to be used as a weapon against others," Thomas said.
For Thomas and the rest of the NORAD team, the very nature of their mission makes them angry at its necessity and proud in its execution.
"Yes, there is anger, and it's real," he said. "It's there for all of us involved in the homeland-defense mission. But the anger is put in the back seat. What's in the front is how to keep it from happening again."