You can do a full surface scan with something like Scandisk (or Norton Disk Doctor). That will find any sectors that have currently failed.
Drives that support SMART (...something-or-other Monitoring And Reporting Technology) may have more detailed read/write error statistics (so you can see if the drive is having problems reading/writing certain sectors). You can get monitoring programs that will tell you if a drive in your system is starting to have problems -- of course, if the first 'problem' is that you lost some sectors containing vital system or program data, that may not help.
Beyond that, no, not really.