It's fairly simple. If you understand what a hub is it's easier to understand what an AP is. You plug an AP into an existing wired network to add wireless connectivity to clients. Laptops or desktops.
A bridge connects two wired networks. You have two building that are lets say 500yds apart. You want to connect them but not bury fiber but you do have line of site. You would use a point to point bridge at each site. The buildings would be on the same network, connected by the two bridges.
Workgroup bridges, so similar work as dedicated bridges, however they asscociate to Access Points. So, you have a wired network and an Access Point or two. You have a desktop that is in a room that isn't wired. You'd use a workgroup bridge. That would associate to one of your AP's. It has an ethernet port that you'd connect to your PC via a cat5 cable. You will also see these called things like CLient mode or wireless ethernet bridge in the consumer wireless community. In the enterprise they are workgroup bridges.