Put the pars in the same directory as the files they were created for (IE: A set of 40 RARs).
Run any of the par files and it opens up the program associated with it (IE: Quickpar).
It starts looking for the files expected to be with the PAR and scans them to ensure they are complete.
It then uses the number of PAR files to repair a given number bad blocks with the scanned files.
If you do not have enough PAR files, you check to see if there were some you did not download. If there arn't, you try to re-grab more files from the original RAR set until you can repair the leftovers.