Rambus, or Rimms usually needs to be bought in pairs. Or the really old EDO or simms might. SDRAM (pc133, pc100, etc) does not need to be bought in pairs.
Price differences are due to a number of things. Lets take one 256mb stick for example. It can be ECC, error correcting, registered, it can have faster cas settings, etc. Check with your motherboard maker to find out what type of memory you need.