Ask Dave: What in the world is electricity and where does it go after it leaves the toaster?
Today's scientific question is: What in the world is electricity?
And where does it go after it leaves the toaster?
Here is a simple experiment that will teach you an important
electrical lesson: On a cool, dry day, scuff your feet along a
carpet, then reach your hand into a friend's mouth, and touch one
of his dental fillings. Did you notice how your friend twitched
violently and cried out in pain? This teaches us that electricity
can be a very powerful force, but we must never use it to hurt
others unless we need to learn an important electrical lesson. It
also teaches us how an electrical circuit works. When you scuffed
your feet, you picked up batches of "electrons," which are very
small objects that carpet manufacturers weave into carpets so they
will attract dirt. The electrons travel through your bloodstream
and collect in your finger, where they form a spark that leaps to
your friend's filling, then travels down to his feet and back into
the carpet, thus completing the circuit.
Amazing Electronic Fact: If you scuffed your feet long enough
without touching anything, you would build up so many electrons
that your finger would explode! But this is nothing to worry
about, unless you have carpeting.
Although we modern persons tend to take our electric lights,
radios, mixers, etc. for granted, hundreds of years ago people did
not have any of these things, which is just as well because there
was no place to plug them in. Then along came the first Electrical
Pioneer, Benjamin Franklin, who flew a kite in a lightning storm
and received a serious shock. This proved that lightning was
powered by the same force as carpets, but it also damaged
Franklin's brain so severely that he started speaking only in
incomprehensible maxims, such as "A penny saved is a penny earned."
Eventually he had to be given a job running the post office.
After Franklin came a herd of Electrical Pioneers whose names
have become part of our electrical terminology: Myron Volt, Mary
Louise Amp, James Watt, Bob Transformer, etc. These pioneers
conducted many important electrical experiments -- Among them,
Galvani, who discovered (this is the truth) that when he attached
two different kinds of metal to the leg of a frog, an electrical
current developed, and the frog's leg kicked, even though it was no
longer attached to the frog, which was dead anyway. Galvani's
discovery led to enormous advances in the field of amphibian
medicine. Today, skilled veterinary surgeons can take a frog that
has been seriously injured or killed, implant pieces of metal in
its muscles, and watch it hop back into the pond just like a normal
frog, except for the fact that it sinks like a stone.
But the greatest Electrical Pioneer of them all was Thomas Edison,
who was a brilliant inventor despite the fact that he had little
formal education and lived in New Jersey. Edison's first major
invention in 1877 was the phonograph, which could soon be found in
thousands of American homes, where it basically sat until 1923,
when the record was invented. But Edison's greatest achievement
came in 1879 when he invented the electric company. Edison's
design was a brilliant adaptation of the simple electric circuit:
The electric company sends electricity through a wire to a
customer, then immediately gets the electricity back through
another wire, then (this is the brilliant part) sends it right back
to the customer again.
This means that an electric company can sell the customer the same
batch of electricity thousands of times a day and never get caught,
since very few customers take the time to examine their electricity
closely. In fact, the last year any new electricity was generated
in the United States was 1937; the electric companies have merely
been re-selling it ever since, which is why they have so much free
time to apply for rate increases.
Today, thanks to men like Edison and Franklin, and frogs like
Galvani's, we receive almost unlimited benefits from electricity.
For example, in the past decade, scientists developed the laser, an
electronic appliance so powerful that it can vaporize a bulldozer
2000 yards away, yet so precise that doctors can use it to perform
delicate operations on the human eyeball, provided they remember to
change the power setting from "Vaporize Bulldozer" to "Delicate."