Average ocean temperatures warmest on record

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shira

Diamond Member
Jan 12, 2005
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Originally posted by: woodie1
Does not history show that Earth's temperature has never remained constant.

History also shows us that the unemployment rate in America has never remained constant. Therefore, although the unemployment rate has increased to 9.5% (or whatever) since Autumn of 2008 and we have some pretty good indications that the credit crunch brought on by the global financial crisis was the major contributor to that increase, we really can't have any confidence that the growth in unemployment is other than a purely random variation.

Have I got that argument correct?
 

Toastedlightly

Diamond Member
Aug 7, 2004
7,213
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81
Originally posted by: shira
Originally posted by: woodie1
Does not history show that Earth's temperature has never remained constant.

History also shows us that the unemployment rate in America has never remained constant. Therefore, although the unemployment rate has increased to 9.5% (or whatever) since Autumn of 2008 and we have some pretty good indications that the credit crunch brought on by the global financial crisis was the major contributor to that increase, we really can't have any confidence that the growth in unemployment is other than a purely random variation.

Have I got that argument correct?

What you seem to miss is that America has been around for only a moment compared to the age of the Earth. How much information do we have on the unemployment rate and other factors (how long have we been keeping track vs. age)? Lots compared to how the climate has been.

Now, I choose not to decide as I haven't looked at anything closely enough. This is just pointing out the folly of your comparison.
 

heyheybooboo

Diamond Member
Jun 29, 2007
6,278
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Originally posted by: sactoking]
Suppose you have an ice cube sitting on the counter, slowly melting. Given the proper tools and knowledge, you could calculate EXACTLY what shape the resultant puddle of water will be when it melts completely.

Your analogy is about as relevant as cheese making.

(the general inference stolen under rights of fair use and I would like to thank the original author)






 
Oct 27, 2007
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Originally posted by: Patranus
It?s not just the ocean off the Northeast coast that is super-warm this summer. July was the hottest the world?s oceans have been in almost 130 years of record-keeping.

Remember...The earth is more than 2000 years old (or whatever).....130 years is NOTHING.

Holy shit did I just read that? Sorry I know I'm late to this thread but I couldn't continue reading without commenting on this. Holy shit, really? Did you really just type that?
 

Genx87

Lifer
Apr 8, 2002
41,091
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Time to get out those cloud making ships.

Oh and <Howard Dean voice> WE ARE ALL GOING TO DIE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!</Howard Dean>
 

Nemesis 1

Lifer
Dec 30, 2006
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Originally posted by: DrPizza
Originally posted by: Cuda1447
Also, if this is true, we should have some really nasty hurricanes. Luckily, on the western side of the world at least, we haven't had any bad ones.

Water temperatures are not the only factor that influences hurricane development; it's not a simple cause and effect. This year is already predicted to have slightly fewer than average. I'm informing you of that now, so that later when you claim it's a cause and effect, and since the effect wasn't seen, the cause is wrong, you'll understand why you were wrong.

While your at it than . Chech Ocean current speed in the Belt. If it slowed down less hurricans . The less current less storms until the belt stops than scienctist say itstant freeze Ice AGE. Doubtful that .

 

DrPizza

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Mar 5, 2001
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Originally posted by: sactoking
Originally posted by: Lemon law

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The little problem with the sactoking argument is that he thinks his argument only cuts one way. And if it can't be proved conclusively and to his sanctification, therefore the do nothing argument therefore wins.

But as soon as we ask sactoking to prove the validity of his do nothing argument, the sactoking position collapses like a house of cards. Because in such a battle of wits, sactoking comes to the battle quite unarmed, naked, and with very little to PROVE his do nothing argument is the correct position.

Yes, sactoking, PROVE YOU ARE RIGHT---------we await your proof.

A couple of things, Lemon. One, I NEVER advocated a 'do nothing' position in this thread. The question posited was 'Ocean temperatures are up, how does that not prove global warming?' I am trying to explain the narrative fallacy in the affirmative responses. The fallacy is that we have data (which may or may not be valid) and are attempting to craft a narrative to explain that data. If you answer in the affirmative, 'Yes, rising ocean temperatures are proof of global warming', you're affirming that your narrative is the ONLY explanation for the data. I contend that is wrong.

Second, you have every right to call me out for proof like I have been doing to Yogi's buddy. You have to realize though that booboo's position is that the narrative is the one and only true explanation for the data. Proof of such a position is monumental, likely impossible. My position is that the narrative is NOT the one and only possible explanation for the data. That position is much more easily defended as any one other rational narrative serves not only to validate my position but also to invalidate booboo's.

Now if I really wanted to be slimy, I'd claim that my requests to "prove it" were in fact in response to booboo's claim that I was "ignorant" and wrong. That, being opinion, would therefore be an impossibility to prove for while heyheybooboo might have convinced himself, and maybe even yourself, of my ignorance I'm sure that others, like my coworkers, would find claims of ignorance to be preposterous.

The crux of my contention, if you'd like a cleaner explanation, boils down to chaos theory. Chaos theory is very good for forecasting, but it is terrible at backcasting. The reason is that the permutations involved are near infinite and cannot be computed.

Take, for example, the commonly-known "Butterfly Effect." Somewhere in Asia a butterfly flaps its wings and, two years later, a hurricane forms off of Baja California AS A DIRECT RESULT. Given the proper time and tools, and following the proper tenets, a chaotician could compute and forecast the inevitable hurricane.

Now, reverse the butterfly effect. Somewhere in Asia a butterfly flaps its wings and, two years later, a hurricane forms off of Baja California AS A DIRECT RESULT. But this time, instead of knowing about the wing flap and computing the hurricane, you're told that there was a hurricane and asked to compute the cause. It's impossible. The permutations are so immense as to render it pointless.

But that is exactly what you're asking climatologists to do. You're giving them the end result and asking them to backcast the one and only true causation. That just cannot be done. The variables involved are too complex. Oh, it may be possible to backcast over a short enough time span, say a few hours or maybe even a day, if you can limit the variables involved. But the further back you go, the more impossible the task becomes.

Your analogies are among the most retarded and exaggerated analogies I've come across.
First of all, the ice cube analogy. Sure, we can't figure out the shape of the ice cube before it melted. But you, apparently, believe that this means that there's no information we can determine with any reasonable degree of accuracy. Ironically, in consideration of this thread, there *is* some information that can be determined about the icecube prior to its melting: it's temperature.

Also, your butterfly crap - you apparently don't understand chaos theory. The butterfly in this scenario is not a lone causation. Furthermore, your analogy is absolutely ridiculous in the level of precision that you seem to claim is necessary. If I see a well worn path through the woods, I can reach a conclusion that things have walked down that path. You're implying that I can't reach that conclusion because I don't know what time, to the minute, and what species of animal it was that went down the path.


Also... sure, we only have direct measurements that go back 160 years on ocean temperatures. However, we do have observations & data from the biological sciences that show how fragile coral reefs are and how the increased temperatures in many areas are outright killing the coral reefs.

Where are all those dead coral reefs from beyond 160 years ago?
 

sactoking

Diamond Member
Sep 24, 2007
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Originally posted by: DrPizza

First of all, the ice cube analogy. Sure, we can't figure out the shape of the ice cube before it melted.

Then the point is valid.

But you, apparently, believe that this means that there's no information we can determine with any reasonable degree of accuracy. Ironically, in consideration of this thread, there *is* some information that can be determined about the icecube prior to its melting: it's temperature.

Really? You can prove that it was at 35*?!? YOU CAN'T EVEN PROVE THAT IT WAS EVER AN ICE CUBE.

Also, your butterfly crap - you apparently don't understand chaos theory. The butterfly in this scenario is not a lone causation.

Apparently you don't understand that the butterfly WAS a lone causation. The single act caused all subsequent acts to occur.

Furthermore, your analogy is absolutely ridiculous in the level of precision that you seem to claim is necessary. If I see a well worn path through the woods, I can reach a conclusion that things have walked down that path. You're implying that I can't reach that conclusion because I don't know what time, to the minute, and what species of animal it was that went down the path.

Well, considering that climatologists are trying to take a general observation like "the earth is warming" and attribute it to a specific time and to a specific species, then yes, that degree of precision is ABSOLUTELY necessary.


Also... sure, we only have direct measurements that go back 160 years on ocean temperatures. However, we do have observations & data from the biological sciences that show how fragile coral reefs are and how the increased temperatures in many areas are outright killing the coral reefs.

Where are all those dead coral reefs from beyond 160 years ago?

They're dead and gone, replaced by new coral reefs. Welcome to the world of the fallacy of absent information, where because you can't see something you assume that it never existed. Also residing here: people who believe that restaurants are good businesses to own in New York because there are lots of successful ones, not realizing that literally tens of thousands of restaurants have gone under in New York, as well as plenty of other people who think illogically.
 

sactoking

Diamond Member
Sep 24, 2007
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Originally posted by: heyheybooboo
Your analogy is about as relevant as cheese making.

(the general inference stolen under rights of fair use and I would like to thank the original author)

Your comments have done nothing to further the discussion and you have offered no proof, even anecdotal, to support your position, so your comments will no longer be addressed.
 

WHAMPOM

Diamond Member
Feb 28, 2006
7,628
183
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Originally posted by: heyheybooboo

Originally posted by: sactoking]
Suppose you have an ice cube sitting on the counter, slowly melting. Given the proper tools and knowledge, you could calculate EXACTLY what shape the resultant puddle of water will be when it melts completely.

Your analogy is about as relevant as cheese making.

(the general inference stolen under rights of fair use and I would like to thank the original author)

Heyheybooboo, sactoking has it exactly wrong. You can never get the exact shape of the puddle, through repetition or calculation it will always come out different, Chaos theory would tell you that.

edit; cheese making is relevant as a rebuttal, I know cheese never comes out the same either, just ask any cheese maker. The bacteria never grows the same way!
 

sactoking

Diamond Member
Sep 24, 2007
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Originally posted by: WHAMPOM
Heyheybooboo, sactoking has it exactly wrong. You can never get the exact shape of the puddle, through repetition or calculation it will always come out different, Chaos theory would tell you that.

Your theory is wrong. You are assuming that I want multiple repetitions of the melting. Yes, each time a molecularly identical ice cube melts, it will melt differently. However, I am not advocating the application of one 'unifying theory' or calculation to multiple runs. That is the opposite of what we need to do!

 

DrPizza

Administrator Elite Member Goat Whisperer
Mar 5, 2001
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Originally posted by: sactoking
Originally posted by: DrPizza

First of all, the ice cube analogy. Sure, we can't figure out the shape of the ice cube before it melted.

Then the point is valid.

But you, apparently, believe that this means that there's no information we can determine with any reasonable degree of accuracy. Ironically, in consideration of this thread, there *is* some information that can be determined about the icecube prior to its melting: it's temperature.

Really? You can prove that it was at 35*?!? YOU CAN'T EVEN PROVE THAT IT WAS EVER AN ICE CUBE.

Also, your butterfly crap - you apparently don't understand chaos theory. The butterfly in this scenario is not a lone causation.

Apparently you don't understand that the butterfly WAS a lone causation. The single act caused all subsequent acts to occur.

Furthermore, your analogy is absolutely ridiculous in the level of precision that you seem to claim is necessary. If I see a well worn path through the woods, I can reach a conclusion that things have walked down that path. You're implying that I can't reach that conclusion because I don't know what time, to the minute, and what species of animal it was that went down the path.

Well, considering that climatologists are trying to take a general observation like "the earth is warming" and attribute it to a specific time and to a specific species, then yes, that degree of precision is ABSOLUTELY necessary.


Also... sure, we only have direct measurements that go back 160 years on ocean temperatures. However, we do have observations & data from the biological sciences that show how fragile coral reefs are and how the increased temperatures in many areas are outright killing the coral reefs.

Where are all those dead coral reefs from beyond 160 years ago?

They're dead and gone, replaced by new coral reefs. Welcome to the world of the fallacy of absent information, where because you can't see something you assume that it never existed. Also residing here: people who believe that restaurants are good businesses to own in New York because there are lots of successful ones, not realizing that literally tens of thousands of restaurants have gone under in New York, as well as plenty of other people who think illogically.

I haven't got the time and space to explain chaos theory to you. The butterfly effect is the easiest way to get non-mathematicians to understand how a very tiny change in inputs can cause a drastic change in outputs after an amount of time. It does NOT mean that the butterfly was the sole cause of a hurricane. As you have only a very superficial understanding of chaos theory, it's pointless to argue this point with you, or the rest of your argument based on it, until you educate yourself. If you do plan on learning something about chaos, I suggest bifurcation diagrams as a starting point.

Research the equation x_(n+1)= r * x_(n) * (1 - x_(n) ) When you fully appreciate how complicated the behavior is of that equation, based on tiny changes in r, then you're ready to start studying dynamical systems with more than 1 input. Get back to me in a year, assuming you're smart enough to understand what you're reading.

Also, in regard to your ice cube nonsense. Yes, *I* could prove it was an ice cube, given that I knew that it had been in existence for a minimum amount of time (i.e. knowing that the water had not just placed there moments ago.) And, the proof would be relatively simple - measure the current water temperature & the temperature of the ambient surroundings. After a period of time, measure the water temperature again (and temperature of the surroundings.) From there, it's a simple matter if differential equations and thermodynamics to determine that yes, it had been ice. Maybe *YOU* couldn't prove it had been ice, but I could. Hence, I'm arguing with someone not adequately prepared for a debate in simple scientific concepts.

To put this in layman's terms, they can measure the temperature of a recently deceased body and determine the *approximate* time of death. Your argument is akin to stating that everyone doesn't have the exact same body temperature, so no determination of the time of death can be made. And, in such a simple matter, science wouldn't claim to be able to make an absolute estimate of the time of death - i.e. "around 10pm, give or take half an hour." Your butterfly bullshit seems to express the opinion that what science is saying about global warming is the same as back-estimating a butterfly flapping its wings, or by use of analogy, coming to the conclusion that the man died at 10:14:32.8492PM, from a candlestick, by Miss Scarlet, in the billiard room, based only on the evidence of body temperature.

So, since you don't understand chaos theory, and don't understand simple differential calculus or thermodynamics, maybe we ought to set the time for you to get back to me to, ohhh, 3 or 4 years?
 

sactoking

Diamond Member
Sep 24, 2007
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Originally posted by: DrPizza
I haven't got the time and space to explain chaos theory to you. The butterfly effect is the easiest way to get non-mathematicians to understand how a very tiny change in inputs can cause a drastic change in outputs after an amount of time.

Agreed, which is why I used it here to try to explain the complexity of the issue.

Research the equation x_(n+1)= r * x_(n) * (1 - x_(n) ) When you fully appreciate how complicated the behavior is of that equation, based on tiny changes in r, then you're ready to start studying dynamical systems with more than 1 input.

Which is my point from "One of the few things less accurate than forecasting is backcasting. There may be data on past performance, but you cannot prove that the result points to causation. "

In a given system with multiple inputs the complexity of backcasting grows as the variables increase.

I know nothing of your mathematical prowess. But suppose you are given the equation above. I tell you that x_(n+1) has a defined value. Could you solve for r? Given x_(n+1)=a * r * x_(n) * (1-x(n)) where a is some variable, could you solve for r? What if we introduce variables in a near-infinte quantity, could you still solve for r?

That's what you're trying to do. Climatological studies are your x_(n=1) and you're trying to say that you can definitively solve for r with a near-infinite number of added variables. That's garbage.

I've said before, I'll say again: I'm not saying that "climate change" is or is not real. What I AM saying is that anyone who thinks they can definitively state a cause (assuming it is real) is lying. They're crafting a story around data without any indication that the story matches because the lookback is too complex to verify.
 

DrPizza

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Oh, and I almost neglected to mention the coral. Rather than a few more paragraphs, I think I'll actually try to expand your knowledge & other's knowledge who seem to think ice cores are the only past evidence used. This is as good a jumping block as any other for more reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology
Note that corals are specifically mentioned. It's up to you if you want to learn more about this particular area or any other areas.
 

jonks

Lifer
Feb 7, 2005
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Originally posted by: sactoking
I'll say again: I'm not saying that "climate change" is or is not real. What I AM saying is that anyone who thinks they can definitively state a cause (assuming it is real) is lying.

That you haven't accepted the fact of climate change, which even ExxonMobile has affirmatively stated, taints everything else you say.

Similar to "I'm not saying the Holocaust didn't happen, I mean, I wasn't there, it's entirely possible it could have happened, I'll admit that. But how can we possibly know how many died, assuming it did in fact occur?"

You need to drop the hedging on the fact of climate change before proceeding on to question the methodology of causation claims.
 

DrPizza

Administrator Elite Member Goat Whisperer
Mar 5, 2001
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Originally posted by: sactoking
Originally posted by: DrPizza
I haven't got the time and space to explain chaos theory to you. The butterfly effect is the easiest way to get non-mathematicians to understand how a very tiny change in inputs can cause a drastic change in outputs after an amount of time.

Agreed, which is why I used it here to try to explain the complexity of the issue.

Research the equation x_(n+1)= r * x_(n) * (1 - x_(n) ) When you fully appreciate how complicated the behavior is of that equation, based on tiny changes in r, then you're ready to start studying dynamical systems with more than 1 input.

Which is my point from "One of the few things less accurate than forecasting is backcasting. There may be data on past performance, but you cannot prove that the result points to causation. "

In a given system with multiple inputs the complexity of backcasting grows as the variables increase.

I know nothing of your mathematical prowess. But suppose you are given the equation above. I tell you that x_(n+1) has a defined value. Could you solve for r? Given x_(n+1)=a * r * x_(n) * (1-x(n)) where a is some variable, could you solve for r? What if we introduce variables in a near-infinte quantity, could you still solve for r?

That's what you're trying to do. Climatological studies are your x_(n=1) and you're trying to say that you can definitively solve for r with a near-infinite number of added variables. That's garbage.

I've said before, I'll say again: I'm not saying that "climate change" is or is not real. What I AM saying is that anyone who thinks they can definitively state a cause (assuming it is real) is lying. They're crafting a story around data without any indication that the story matches because the lookback is too complex to verify.

No, now you're back pedaling. I said the butterfly wasn't the cause, and you stated a 2nd time that it was in that analogy. And, no, you're not trying to solve for r. Again, as I tried to point out - you don't understand chaos theory, and you're attempting to use it as a point to argue from. The rest of your post is utter nonsense.

edit: except my mathematical prowess. :p :)
 

sactoking

Diamond Member
Sep 24, 2007
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Originally posted by: jonks
That you haven't accepted the fact of climate change, which even ExxonMobile has affirmatively stated, taints everything else you say.

Similar to "I'm not saying the Holocaust didn't happen, I mean, I wasn't there, it's entirely possible it could have happened, I'll admit that. But how can we possibly know how many died, assuming it did in fact occur?"

You need to drop the hedging on the fact of climate change before proceeding on to question the methodology of causation claims.

Again, I NEVER ACCEPTED OR REJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE. Whether or not climate change exists is immaterial to the point at hand: you cannot backcast a story such as this.
 

sactoking

Diamond Member
Sep 24, 2007
7,635
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Originally posted by: DrPizza
No, now you're back pedaling. I said the butterfly wasn't the cause, and you stated a 2nd time that it was in that analogy. And, no, you're not trying to solve for r. Again, as I tried to point out - you don't understand chaos theory, and you're attempting to use it as a point to argue from. The rest of your post is utter nonsense.

No backpedaling, lack of comprehension on your part.

The whole point of this exercise has been the fallacious belief that given a set of data points, a story can be crafted to explain the root cause of the data in a complex system, after the fact.

You state that "you're not trying to solve for r". I would correct you in this manner "You're not trying to solve for r if you're trying to solve the equation forward in time." In a forward-looking solution you know the inputs, it's the outputs that are in question. What I'm telling you is that the climate data we have doesn't work that way. We have a set of outcomes and we're attempting to solve for the inputs. That can't be done.

It's not your mathematical prowess that's in question, it's your logical prowess.
 

DrPizza

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Take, for example, the commonly-known "Butterfly Effect." Somewhere in Asia a butterfly flaps its wings and, two years later, a hurricane forms off of Baja California AS A DIRECT RESULT. Given the proper time and tools, and following the proper tenets, a chaotician could compute and forecast the inevitable hurricane.

Now, reverse the butterfly effect. Somewhere in Asia a butterfly flaps its wings and, two years later, a hurricane forms off of Baja California AS A DIRECT RESULT. But this time, instead of knowing about the wing flap and computing the hurricane, you're told that there was a hurricane and asked to compute the cause.

You clearly implied that the butterfly was the cause.

My reply: "The butterfly in this scenario is not a lone causation."

Your response:
Apparently you don't understand that the butterfly WAS a lone causation. The single act caused all subsequent acts to occur.

Clearly, you're backpedaling now to say you said something else. Furthermore, on top of not understanding chaos theory, you're applying it improperly. Had you started at the link I posted above, and bothered to actually learn something, rather than use the buzz word "backcasting" that who only knows where you picked it up - at a cursory glance, it seems that the term was first used for that purpose by industry lobbyists to cast doubt on global warming. The term isn't even being used properly, although I suppose it suffices as we understand the concept.

All you're doing though, is attempting to parrot back things you've heard or read. I really doubt you have the educational background to understand what it is that you're talking about, and believe that I've sufficiently shown that you don't have a fucking clue about chaos theory. i.e. your knowledge of chaos theory is no deeper than that one scene in Jurassic Park.

Nonetheless, paleoclimatology has little to do with "chaos theory." Quite simply, evidence - much evidence from multiple sources - again, see my link and start exploring from there - is used to come to a reasonable conclusion.

 

sactoking

Diamond Member
Sep 24, 2007
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Originally posted by: DrPizza
Clearly, you're backpedaling now to say you said something else.

Ok, here's how this works. Since you attacked the butterfly theory, you have accused me of backpedaling twice. I have posted twice since then. In both of my posts, I never addressed your attack. Thus, I was not backpedaling because I have never addressed the topic directly. You have attributed YOUR bias to my words and interpreted them as a backpedal, because it fits your needs, but it is not truth.

rather than use the buzz word "backcasting" that who only knows where you picked it up - at a cursory glance, it seems that the term was first used for that purpose by industry lobbyists to cast doubt on global warming. The term isn't even being used properly, although I suppose it suffices as we understand the concept.

Really? Link? It's a term used in empiricism to denote the process of forecasting (i.e., trying to predict the future with incomplete data) toward the past.

All you're doing though, is attempting to parrot back things you've heard or read. I really doubt you have the educational background to understand what it is that you're talking about, and believe that I've sufficiently shown that you don't have a fucking clue about chaos theory. i.e. your knowledge of chaos theory is no deeper than that one scene in Jurassic Park.

The same can be said of your understanding of randomness and causation, as well as empiricism.

Nonetheless, paleoclimatology has little to do with "chaos theory." Quite simply, evidence - much evidence from multiple sources - again, see my link and start exploring from there - is used to come to a reasonable conclusion.

I agree there. Chaos theory as a mathematical science is akin to engineering and physics. Paleoclimatology is much more akin to economics, history, psychology and other "sciences" that attempt to explain the unknown by wrapping stories around data, stories that cannot be validated by empirical data.

Contrary to your belief (which you formed because it fits your desires) I have never claimed to be an expert in chaos theory. If you want to proclaim yourself as such, that's your prerogative. Your "expertise" does not change your fundamental lack of knowledge about your lack of knowledge.

Do you want an example of why the data 'proves' nothing, without using something you find questionable? Fine. I'll ask you to predict one possible next number in the sequence as well as the underlying rule behind the sequence:

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, ...

What's your response? 89 and 'The Fibonacci Sequence'? The answer is Yes and No. Guess again. 89 and 'Numbers that sactoking likes because he's a dipshit'? Yes and No (I don't necessarily like those numbers, though I may be a dipshit). The answer is 'Any non-negative number' and, well, any non-negative number.

For all intents and purposes the sequence is random, or at least governed by a very broad rule. But humans don't see that. We look for pattens, we want to know what the story is. Given the answer to "89 and Fibonacci", it's likely that someone would be stuck on 89 for a long time. Only by answering with a negative number and getting a No response would 'any non-negative number' start to enter our thinking. Which is why the narrative fallacy is, well, a fallacy. Not everything has a narrative, and those that do often have them muddled by the data itself.

So, feel free to look at a linear line segment and hypothesize that it continues its linear trend forward and backward. Don't let the fact that the linear line is actually a small part of a larger polynomial dissuade you from absorbing the story, no matter how incorrect you might be.
 
Oct 27, 2007
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Originally posted by: sactoking
But you, apparently, believe that this means that there's no information we can determine with any reasonable degree of accuracy. Ironically, in consideration of this thread, there *is* some information that can be determined about the icecube prior to its melting: it's temperature.

Really? You can prove that it was at 35*?!? YOU CAN'T EVEN PROVE THAT IT WAS EVER AN ICE CUBE.

learn2calculus.