Background:
Tires are really a few pieces, but lets concern ourselves with 2. The tread, and the casing. The tread is the part that has the designs in it. The casing is the rest of the tire. It contains the belts, the rim mount, etc. Basicly all but the tread.
Big rig tires are manufactured slightly differently than a passenger tire; to be stronger, with a different sidewall and more belts. (the part the tire gets most of its strength from) This of course makes them expensive.
What happens is that the tread wears out well before the casing does. (The tire goes bald) So, the remaining part of the tread is removed (usualy via a mechanical buffer) and more tread is bonded onto the casing. this is called Retreading. (The casing is also checked for abnormal wear, holes, patches, or anything else. Some even get xrayed.)
Sooner or later the casing will fail, or sometimes, the retread will fail. If the casing fails, it is usually because the driver did not check/perform PM on his vehic, or didn't catch a warning sign. What happens when the casing fails is the tire literaly desintegrates. The steel belts holding the tire snap, and the tire just comes apart at the seams. Usually, the sidewall will shear, so the entire circumference from about 4" from the rim fill be loose. Sometimes, you will see these on the side of the road. It looks like an entire tire missing the center.
If the retread fails, the tread just comes off the casing. This can be from overheating, or from a bad retread. It is very similar to what Firestone tires did on Explorers.
You can tell the difference from the 2, as a failed casing will have pieces of the belts hanging out from the pieces. The pieces are also pretty large (usually the tire will stay in one piece with a single failure point) They stand out real well. A failed retread will usually just be big blocks of rubber all over, and are usually smaller.