I'll agree with avoiding a tremolo bar (whammy bar, vibrato bar...whatever you want to call it) in a $300-$500 guitar. The hardware in this price range is just plain not up to the task and you'll end up with a guitar that goes out of tune everytime you use it. The higher end versions have locking tuners and balanced springs, but will be on models that cost a lot more than $500.
I say this every time someone asks about guitars here: they're like shoes. Nobody can tell you what fits your hands. The best thing to do it go to a store like Guitar Center and see which one feels the most comfortable.
Good brands in that price range will be Epiphone, Washburn, Fender Telecaster/Stratocaster (Mexican made models- stay away from the Squier models), and maybe B.C Rich.
I can tell you that for a starter guitar, the more simplistic it is, the happier you'll be. If you find something in that price range with 3 active pickups, push-pull knobs, built in tuners, and other gadgets, you can but they cut quality in areas like wood quality, frets, or overall construction.
You also need to budget for a decent amp. My go-to starter amp is the Roland Micro-Cube. You can often get it for around $100, it's very portable (it'll even run on AA batteries!), has built in effects, and it sounds absolutely fantastic. If fact, I still use mine as a pre-amp and effects base because I haven't found a chorus that sounds as good as the one on the Roland
For a good base line, try out a real Les Paul, an American made Strat, and then a Telecaster. These are the 3 basic styles of all guitars. See what features you like most then start searching for brands for one that fits your needs.